by Rob Cooper

1 July 2012
from DailyMail Website

 

 

 


Scientists 'will say they are 99.99% certain'

the particle has been found.


Leading physicists have been invited to event,

sparking speculation that

Higgs boson particle has been found.


'God Particle' gives particles

that make up atoms their mass.


Fermi Lab in Chicago also 'closing in'

on proof of Higgs boson.
 

 

 

Scientists at CERN will announce that the elusive Higgs boson 'God Particle' has been found at a press conference next week, it is believed. Five leading theoretical physicists have been invited to the event on Wednesday - sparking speculation that the particle has been discovered.

 

Scientists at the Large Hadron Collider are expected to say they are 99.99 per cent certain it has been found - which is known as 'four sigma' level.
 

 

Big enough to matter:

The collider, formed of superconducting magnets,

stretches around 17miles or 27km - and is sensitive to the moon's gravity
 The particle accelerator - It is within these tubes that physicists are hunting for the 'God' particle
 

 

 

 


Physicists first predicted

...that the Higgs Boson subatomic particle exists 48 years ago

Thank God this wasn't our sun! Hubble spots planet shedding atmosphere following solar flare outburst

Peter Higgs, the Edinburgh University emeritus professor of physics that the particle is named after, is among those who have been called to the press conference in Switzerland.
 

 

Peter Higgs, the professor the particle is named after,

has been asked to attend the press conference at Cern
 

 

The management at Cern want the two teams of scientists to reach the 'five sigma' level of certainty with their results - so they are 99.99995 per cent sure - such is the significance of the results.

Tom Kibble, 79, the emeritus professor of physics at Imperial College London, has also been invited but is unable to attend.

He told the Sunday Times:

'My guess is that is must be a pretty positive result for them to be asking us out there.'

The Higgs boson is regarded as the key to understanding the universe.

 

Physicists say its job is to give the particles that make up atoms their mass.

Without this mass, these particles would zip though the cosmos at the speed of light, unable to bind together to form the atoms that make up everything in the universe, from planets to people.

The collider, housed in an 18-mile tunnel buried deep underground near the French-Swiss border, smashes beams of protons - sub-atomic particles - together at close to the speed of light, recreating the conditions that existed a fraction of a second after the Big Bang.

If the physicists’ theory is correct, a few Higgs bosons should be created in every trillion collisions, before rapidly decaying.
 

 

A full moon disrupts the circle:

An aerial view of the Swiss-French border, indicating the route of the Large Hadron Collider
 

 

This decay would leave behind a ‘footprint’ that would show up as a bump in their graphs.

However, despite 1,600 trillion collisions being created in the tunnel - there have been fewer than 300 potential Higgs particles. Now it is thought that two separate teams of scientists, who run independent experiments in secret from each other, have both uncovered evidence of the particle.

However, the two groups, CMS and ATLAS, are expected to stop short of confirming its existence.
 

 

 

 

American Accelerator Also Finds Evidence fro Higgs Boson

 

Physicists at a U.S. laboratory say are also close to proving the existence of the Higgs boson.

The announcement by the Fermi National Accelerator Lab outside Chicago came two days before physicists at CERN are set to unveil their own findings in the Higgs hunt.

The Fermilab scientists found hints of the Higgs in the debris from trillions of collisions between beams of protons and anti-protons over 10 years at the lab's now-shuttered Tevatron accelerator.

But the evidence still fell short of the scientific threshold for proof of the discovery of the particle, they said, in that the same collision debris hinting at the existence of the Higgs could also come from other subatomic particles.

'This is the best answer that is out there at the moment,' said physicist Rob Roser of Fermilab, which is run by the U.S. Department of Energy.

 

'The Tevatron data strongly point toward the existence of the Higgs boson, but it will take results from the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider in Europe to establish a firm discovery.'

Physicists not connected to Fermilab expressed cautious optimism that the long-sought particle had finally been found.

'These intriguing hints from the Tevatron appear to support the results from the LHC shown at CERN in December,' said Dan Tovey, professor of particle physics at the University of Sheffield in Britain.

'The results are particularly important because they use a completely different and complementary way of searching for the Higgs boson. This gives us more confidence that what we are seeing is really evidence of new physics rather than just a statistical fluke,' Tovey added.

Tovey said scientists will have to wait until Wednesday for the latest results from the European scientists before 'getting the full picture' concerning the Higgs boson.
 

 

Inside: The giant project is the most enormous piece

of scientific apparatus ever constructed, and is buried 100m beneath the ground

 

 

 

 

 

 

Animation of an actual ATLAS proton collision event in 2011...

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



 "God Particle" Found?

"Historic Milestone" from Higgs Boson Hunters

by Ker Than
July 4, 2012
from NationalGeographicNews Website

 

Newfound particle may be at the core of existence.
The Higgs particle erupting from the collision of protons.
 

 

 


In an artist's conception, a Higgs boson erupts from a collision of protons.
Illustration by Moonrunner Design Ltd., National Geographic



 "I think we have it. You agree?"

Speaking to a packed audience Wednesday morning in Geneva, CERN director general Rolf Heuer confirmed that two separate teams working at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are more than 99 percent certain they've discovered the Higgs boson, aka the God particle - or at the least a brand-new particle exactly where they expected the Higgs to be.

The long-sought particle may complete the standard model of physics by explaining why objects in our universe have mass - and in so doing, why galaxies, planets, and even humans have any right to exist.

"We have a discovery," Heuer said at the seminar. "We have observed a new particle consistent with a Higgs boson."

At the meeting were four theorists who helped develop the Higgs theory in the 1960s, including Peter Higgs himself, who could be seen wiping away tears as the announcement was made.

Although preliminary, the results show a so-called five-sigma of significance, which means that there is only a one in a million chance that the Higgs-like signal the teams observed is a statistical fluke.

"It's a tremendous and exciting time," said physicist Michael Tuts, who works with the ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC Apparatus) Experiment, one of the two Higgs-seeking LHC projects.

The Columbia University physicist had organized a wee-hours gathering of physicists and students in the U.S. to watch the announcement, which took place at 9 a.m., Geneva time.

"This is the payoff. This is what you do it for."

The two LHC teams searching for the Higgs - the other being the CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) project - did so independently.

 

Neither one knew what the other would present this morning.

"It was interesting that the competing experiment essentially had the same result," said physicist Ryszard Stroynowski, an ATLAS team member based at Southern Methodist University in Dallas. "It provides additional confirmation."

CERN head Heuer called today's announcement a "historic milestone" but cautioned that much work lies ahead as physicists attempt to confirm the newfound particle's identity and further probe its properties.

For example, though the teams are certain the new particle has the proper mass for the predicted Higgs boson, they still need to determine whether it behaves as the God particle is thought to behave - and therefore what its role in the creation and maintenance of the universe is.

"I think we can all be proud... but it's a beginning," Heuer said.


 


Higgs Boson Results Exceeded Expectations

The five-sigma results from both the ATLAS and CMS experiments exceeded the expectations of many physicists, including David Evans, leader of the U.K. team that works on the LHC-based ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) Collaboration.

Evans had predicted Tuesday the teams would announce a four-sigma result - just short of the rigorous standard traditionally required for a new-particle observation to officially count as a true discovery and not a fluke.

"It's even better than I expected," said Evans, of the University of Birmingham in the U.K. "I think we can say the Higgs is here. It exists."

Evans attributed the stronger-than-expected results to,

"a mixture of the LHC doing a fantastic job" and "ATLAS and CMS doing a fantastic job of improving their analysis since December," when the two teams announced a two-sigma observation of signs of a Higgs-like particle.

"So even with the same data, they can get more significance."

ATLAS spokesperson Fabiola Gianotti also had high praise for the LHC, a multibillion-dollar machine that had suffered numerous mishaps and setbacks in its early days.

"The LHC and experiments have been doing miracles. I think we are working beyond design," the Italian particle physicist added.

ALICE's Evans said he was extremely pleased by the Higgs results but admitted feeling just a bit disappointed that the results weren't more surprising.

"Secretly I would have loved it to be something slightly different than the standard model predictions, because that would indicate that there's something more out there."

 

 

 

On God-Particle Hunt, It's "Easy to Fool Yourself"

Wednesday's announcement builds on results from last December, when the ATLAS and CMS teams said their data suggested that the Higgs boson has a mass of about 125 gigaelectron volts (GeV) - about 125 times the mass of a proton, a positively charged particle in an atom's nucleus.

"For the first time there was a case where we expected to [rule out] the Higgs, and we weren't able to do so," said Tim Barklow, an experimental physicist with the ATLAS Experiment who's based at Stanford University's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.

A two-sigma finding translates to about a 95 percent chance that results are not due to a statistical fluke.

While that might seem impressive, it falls short of the stringent five-sigma level that high-energy physicists traditionally require for an official discovery.

 

Five sigma means there's a less than one in a million probability that a finding is due to chance.

"We make these rules and impose them on ourselves because, when you are exploring on the frontier, it is easy to fool yourself," said Michael Peskin, a theoretical physicist also at SLAC.

 

 


Higgs Holds It All Together?

The Higgs boson is one of the final puzzle pieces required for a complete understanding of the standard model of physics - the so-far successful theory that explains how fundamental particles interact with the elementary forces of nature.

The so-called God particle was proposed in the 1960s by Peter Higgs to explain why some particles, such as quarks - building blocks of protons, among other things - and electrons have mass, while others, such as the light-carrying photon particle, do not.

Higgs's idea was that the universe is bathed in an invisible field similar to a magnetic field. Every particle feels this field - now known as the Higgs field - but to varying degrees.

If a particle can move through this field with little or no interaction, there will be no drag, and that particle will have little or no mass. Alternatively, if a particle interacts significantly with the Higgs field, it will have a higher mass.

The idea of the Higgs field requires the acceptance of a related particle: the Higgs boson.

According to the standard model, if the Higgs field didn't exist, the universe would be a very different place, said SLAC's Peskin, who isn't involved in the LHC experiments.

"It would be very difficult to form atoms," Peskin said. "So our orderly world, where matter is made of atoms, and electrons form chemical bonds - we wouldn't have that if we did not have the Higgs field."

In other words: no galaxies, no stars, no planets, no life on Earth.
 

 

 


"Nature Is Really Nasty" to Higgs Boson Seekers

Buried beneath the French-Swiss border, the Large Hadron Collider is essentially a 17-mile-long (27-kilometer-long) oval tunnel. Inside, counter-rotating beams of protons are boosted to nearly the speed of light using an electric field before being magnetically steered into collisions.

Exotic fundamental particles - some of which likely haven't existed since the early moments after the big bang - are created in the high-energy crashes. But the odd particles hang around for only fractions of a second before decaying into other particles.

Theory predicts that the Higgs boson's existence is too fleeting to be recorded by LHC instruments, but physicists think they can confirm its creation if they can spot the particles it decays into.

 

 

 

The big science of the very small
 Physicists have high hopes for Europe's giant new atom smasher;

they want nothing less than to crack the code of the physical universe.

 

Click image

 


 Now that the Higgs boson - or something like it - has been confirmed to indeed have a mass of around 125 to 126 GeV, scientists have a better idea why the God particle has avoided detection for so long.

This mass is just high enough to be out of reach of earlier, lower-energy particle accelerators, such as the LHC's predecessor, the Large Electron-Positron Collider, which could probe to only about 115 GeV.

At the same time 125 GeV is not so massive that it produces decay products so unusual that their detection would be clear proof of the Higgs's existence.

In reality the Higgs appears to transform into relatively commonplace decay products such as quarks, which are produced by the millions at the LHC.

"It just so happens that nature is really nasty to us, and the range that we've narrowed [the Higgs] down to is the range that makes it most difficult to find," ALICE's Evans said.

Despite the challenges, ATLAS's Gianotti said, it's fortunate that the Higgs has the mass that it does.

"It's very nice for the standard-model Higgs boson to be at that mass," she said. "Because at that mass we can measure it at the LHC in a huge number of final states. So, thanks Nature."

 



Going for the Gold

While the search for the Higgs was a primary motivation for the construction of the LHC, activity at the world's largest atom smasher won't stop if the Higgs boson is confirmed.

For one thing, the two teams will be busy preparing the data they presented today for submission to scientific journals for publication.

There are also lingering questions that will require years of follow-up work, such as what the God particle's "decay channels" are - that is, what particles the Higgs transforms into as it sheds energy.

The answer to that question will allow physicists to determine whether the particle they have discovered is the one predicted from theory or something more exotic, Columbia University's Tuts said.

"Does it really smell and taste like a Higgs? Is it being produced at the rate that a standard model Higgs would predict? That's the work that's going to go on over the course of this year at least," he added.

Something the public often forgets, too, is that ATLAS and CMS make up only two of the LHC's four major experiments, Evans said.

 

The other two - the LHCb Collaboration and Evan's own ALICE - are investigating other physics arcana, such as why the universe contains so little antimatter.

"If you want to compare it to the Olympics, finding the Higgs would be like winning just one gold medal," Evans said.

"I'm sure most countries would like to win more than one gold medal. And I think CERN is going to deliver a lot more gold medals over the years."

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 Physicists Break Down Concept of 'God Particle'
by Dan Vergano

July 05, 2012
from USATODAY Website
 

 

 

Computer depiction of a proton collision shows a pattern consistent

with the Higgs boson's predicted existence.

 

 

 

Physicists welcomed July Fourth with intellectual fireworks, announcing "preliminary" results pointing to the discovery of the long-sought "God particle."

 

Formally known as the Higgs boson, it was detected in experiments at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) lab near Geneva.

For the non-scientists who wonder what a Higgs boson is, USA TODAY distilled explanations from a number of physicists, including Paul Padley of Rice University, part of one of the discovery teams:
 

Q: So what is a Higgs boson?

A: A tiny subatomic particle that apparently weighs about 130 times as much as an atom of hydrogen, the lightest gas.
 


Q: What does it do?

A: Simply put, the Higgs particle interacts with other subatomic particles that are building blocks of atoms in a way that slows them down. It's the reason that matter in the universe has mass. Mass gives the particles inertia, or resistance to being moved faster.
 


Q: What is a simple analogy that describes this effect?

A: Compare Higgs bosons to groupies mobbing a celebrity. The other particles are the celebrities, desperately trying to move but slowed by autograph-seekers. Higgs bosons don't have pens, but the attention they give to the other particles slows them, creating inertia.
 


Q: Why did physicists think this likely had to exist?

A: Physicists look to particles to explain forces in the universe. In the physicists' theories, electromagnetic and nuclear forces don't need particles with mass to work. But the particles do have mass, so we need an explanation for why. In 1964, Peter Higgs of Scotland's University of Edinburgh and other physicists theorized the Higgs boson was the culprit.
 


Q: How did they make this discovery?

Essentially, two teams collected data in separate experiments that smashed together millions of subatomic particles called protons to see what pieces emerged from the smash-ups. The particle reported on Wednesday fell to pieces in ways predicted by Higgs and other physicists.
 


Q: How sure are they that this is the Higgs boson?

A: CERN chief Rolf Heuer calls it "a particle consistent with the Higgs boson." CERN assigned about a 0.000057% statistical chance of the particle detection being wrong.