Gravitomagnetic Field /
'Gravity-Shielding' Experiments
The Wallace Inventions, Spin Aligned Nuclei, the
Gravitomagnetic Field, and the Tampere 'Gravity-Shielding' Experiment:
Is There a Connection?
September 1998
Source: Robert Stirniman
Abstract
Wallace's patents of the early 1970's claim that a
rotating object which contains unpaired nuclear spins can modify
gravity. An explanation in terms of a gravitational analogue to the
magnetic field of electromagnetism has been proposed.
Podkletnov's "gravity shielding" experiment at Tampere, now being
replicated by NASA, may also be an example of the same effect.
During the 1960s through the mid 1970s, Henry William
Wallace was a scientist at GE Aerospace in Valley Forge PA, and GE
Re-Entry Systems in Philadelphia. In the early 1970s, Wallace was
issued patents [1,2,3] for some unusual inventions relating to the
gravitational field. Wallace developed an experimental apparatus for
generating and detecting a secondary gravitational field, which he
named the kinemassic field, and which is now better known as the
gravitomagnetic field.
Wallace's experiments were based on aligning the nuclear
spin of elements and isotopes which have an odd number of
nucleons. These materials are characterized by a total nuclear
spin which is an odd integral multiple of one-half (times
Planck's constant), resulting in one nucleon with un-paired spin.
Wallace drew an analogy between the un-paired angular momentum in
these materials, and the un-paired magnetic moments of electrons
in ferromagnetic materials.
Wallace created nuclear spin alignment by rapidly
spinning a brass disk. Brass is composed of elements (copper, zinc,
etc.) most of whose isotopes have an odd number of nucleons. Nuclear
spin becomes aligned in the spinning disk due to precession of nuclear
angular momentum in an approximately intertial reference frame (such
as the apparatus which holds the disk), a process similar to the
magnetization developed by rapidly spinning a ferrous material (known
as the Barnett effect). The gravitomagnetic field generated by the
spinning disk is tightly coupled (0.01 inch air gap) to a
gravitomagnetic field circuit composed of material also having half
integral nuclear spin, and analogous to magnetic core material in
transformers and motors. The gravitomagnetic field is transmitted
through the field circuit and focused by the field material to a small
space where it can be detected.
In his three patents, Wallace describes three different
methods used for detection of the gravitomagnetic field -- change in
the motion of a body on a pivot, detection of a transverse voltage in
a semiconductor crystal, and a change in the specific heat of a
crystal material having spin-aligned nuclei. In a direct analogy with
a magnetic circuit, the relative amount of the detected
gravitomagnetic field always varied directly with the size of the
air-gap between the generator disk and the field circuit. Wallace's
patents are written in great detail, and he appears to be meticulous
in his experimental design and practice. In my opinion, it is nearly
certain that his experiments performed as claimed. None the less,
there has been no scientific acknowledgment whatsoever of Wallace's
discoveries. An in-depth search of the literature has uncovered only
two references to Wallace's work [4,5] and each of these references
merely creates further mystery.
The necessary existence of a magnetic-like gravitational
field has been well established by physicists specializing in general
relativity, gravitational theories, and cosmology. But, the existence
of this field is not well known in other of arenas of physical
science. The gravitomagnetic field was first hypothesized by Heaviside
in the 1880's. The field is predicted by general relativity, and was
first formulated in a relativistic context in 1918 by Lense and
Thirring [6]. In 1961, Forward [7] was the first to express the
gravitational field equations in a vector form directly analogous and
nearly identical to Maxwells equations for electromagnetics.
During the last 20 years many other scientists [8-17]
have published articles demonstrating the necessary existence of the
gravitomagnetic field, using arguments based on general relativity,
special relativity, and the cause and effect
relationship which results from non-instantaneous propagation of
energy (retardation). Nearly all of these authors present the
gravitational field equations in a vector form similar to
Maxwells equations. Some authors comment that these equations
provide fundamental insights into gravitation, and it is
unfortunate that they are not at all well known. Despite their
relative simplicity and possible practical value, the
Maxwell-like equations for gravitation do not appear in any
undergraduate physics textbook.
Just as in Maxwells equations for electromagnetics, it
is found that in the presence of a time varying gravitomagnetic flux
there will always exist concurrently a time varying gravitoelectric
field. The secondary generated gravitoelectric field is a dipole
field, and unlike the background gravitoelectric field due to mass
charges, the generated gravitoelectric field always exists in closed
loops. Henry Wallace recognized this and described it in his
inventions.
Wallace also describes another effect which may result
from generation of a secondary gravitoelectric field. Wallace believed
that a secondary gravito- electric field can result in exclusion of an
existing primary background field. In other words, a gravitational
shield can be created. The bulk of Wallace's patents describe his
experimental apparatus, and his detection of the gravitomagnetic
field. The effects detected are minuscule, and as such, may not be of
immediate practical value. In reading his patents it is possible to
become immersed in the detail of his experimental apparatus, and to
neglect the possible
significance of the alternative embodiment of his invention
(figures 7, 7A, and 7B of his first patent). The alternative
embodiment uses a time varying gravitomagnetic flux to create a
secondary gravitoelectric field in an enclosed shell of material
in order to shield the background gravitoelectric field of the
earth.
Unfortunately, Wallace does not state whether this
embodiment was ever actually produced, and unlike the detailed
discussion of his experimental apparatus, he provides no
experimental findings or data to back his claim. Nor does he
provide much in the way of theoretical arguments about how a
secondary gravitoelectric field can act to exclude a primary
field, except to state: "It is well known that nature opposes
heterogeneous field flux densities."
Is it well known that nature opposes heterogeneous flux
densities? Well, not to me, and I can not find anything in the way of
scientific literature to directly support this idea. But it does seem
to make sense. It could be argued thusly. In a well-ordered manifold
all derivatives of the fields, time-like and space-like, must be
continuous. If you force a field to exist in a region of space, the
existing background field is somehow
required to form a pattern around or smoothly merge with the
created field. Nature does not permit flux lines to act with
cross-purposes and to exist with widely different directions in
the same region of space. Flux lines can never cross. Wallace
seems to have gotten his experiments right -- maybe he is also
right in his claim of inventing a gravitational shield?
In a ground breaking paper in 1966, Dewitt [18] was
first to identify the significance of gravitational effects in a
superconductor. Dewitt demonstrated that a magnetic-type
gravitational field must result in the presence of fluxoid
quantization. In 1983, Dewitt's work was substantially expanded
by Ross [19].
Beginning in 1991, Ning Li, at the University of Alabama
Huntsville, and Douglas Torr, formerly at Huntsville and now at the
University of South Carolina, have published a number of articles
about gravitational effects in superconductors [20-22]. One
interesting finding they have derived is the source of gravitomagnetic
flux in a type II superconductor material. In
a striking similarity to the ideas of Henry Wallace, Li and Torr
demonstrate that the gravitomagnetic field in a superconductor
results from spin alignment of the lattice ions.
Quoting from Li and Torr's second paper: "The
interaction energy of the internal magnetic field with the magnetic
moment of the lattice ions drives the lattice ions and superconducting
condensate wave function to move together vortically within the range
of the coherent length and results in an induced precession of the
angular momentum of the lattice ions." And quoting from their third
paper: "Recently we demonstrated theoretically that the carriers of
quantized angular momentum are not the Cooper pairs but the lattice
ions, which must execute coherent localized motion consistent with the
phenomenon of superconductivity." And, "It is shown that the coherent
alignment of lattice ion spins will generate a detectable
gravitomagnetic field, and in the presence of a time-dependent applied
magnetic vector potential field, a detectable gravitoelectric field."
Li and Torr also demonstrate that the gravitomagnetic
field in a superconductor has a relatively large magnitude compared
with the magnetic field -- a factor of 10E11 times larger. The
gravitational wave velocity in a superconductor is estimated as a
factor of two magnitudes smaller than the velocity in free space. And
the resulting estimate of relative gravitomagnetic permeability is
four magnitudes (10 thousand times) greater than the permeability of
free space. In their third paper, Torr and Li, demonstrate that it is
possible to generate a time varying gravitomagnetic field in a
superconductor, which must exist concurrently with a time varying
gravitoelectric field.
In 1995, Becker et al [23], show mathematically that a
significant size gravitomagnetic field must always exist along with a
magnetic field whenever there is flux pinning or other forms of flux
trapping in a type II superconductor. They propose a macroscopic
experiment to detect the gravitomagnetic field. Becker et al, choose
not to speculate about the source of the gravitomagnetic field, except
to provide a brief comment that it may result from spin of the lattice
ions. One might ask, what is a pinning center if not a microscopic
hole which carries trapped flux, and what must be source of the
gravitomagnetic dipole moment if not the angular momentum of the
lattice ions at the pinning center?
Current Research
Indirect detection of the gravitomagnetic field was
reported in 1988 by Nordtvedt [24] by astronomical observations of the
precession rate of the binary pulsar PSR 1913+16. A direct
measurement of the earth's gravitomagnetic field was reported in
1997 by Ciufolini et al [25] by laser tracking of the LAGEOS II
satellite. Results are pending for the NASA/Stanford Gravity
Probe-B experiment to detect the earth's gravitomagnetic field
with an orbiting superconductor gyroscope.
In 1992, an experiment at Tampere University was
reported by Podkletnov [26,27]. A torroidal shaped type II
superconductor disk was suspended via the Meissner effect by a
constant vertical magnetic field, and was rapidly rotated by a time
varying horizontal magnetic field. Masses located in a cylindrical
spacial geometry above the rotating disk were found to lose up to 2%
of their weight. A gravitational shielding effect is claimed.
Conclusion
Is a time varying gravitomagnetic field generated in the
Tampere disk due to the horizontal time varying magnetic field used to
rotate the disk, and does this result in a time varying
gravitoelectric field in the disk, and possibly also in the space
surrounding the disk, and could this result in exclusion of the
earth's primary background gravitoelectric field as claimed by Henry
Wallace? In addition, questions remain as to whether the
gravitomagnetic field (from the Maxwell-like gravity equations) is of
a large enough magnitude to produce the effects reported by Podkletnov
and Wallace.
Acknowledgments
Many of the ideas in this article have been developed in
personal discussions with Kedrick Brown
(http://home.att.net/~kfbrown/index.html). I would also like
to thank Ron Kita for his kind support and useful background
information about Henry Wallace.
References
1. US Patent No 3626605, Method and Apparatus for
Generating a Secondary Gravitational Force Field, Henry Wm Wallace,
Ardmore PA, Dec 14, 1971. Wallace's first patent. The gravitomagnetic
field is named the kinemassic field. The patent describes the
embodiment of his experiment. An additional embodiment of the
invention (Figures 7, 7A, and 7B) describes how a time varying
gravitomagnetic field can be used to shield the primary background
gravitoelectric field. Available on the web at
http://www.eskimo.com/~billb/weird/wallc.
2. US Patent No 3626606, Method and Apparatus for
Generating a Dynamic Force Field, Henry Wm Wallace, Ardmore PA, Dec
14, 1971. Wallace's second patent provides a variation of his
experiment. A type III-V semiconductor material (Indium Arsenide), of
which both materials have unpaired nuclear spin, is used as an
electronic detector for the gravitomagnetic field. The experiment
demonstrates that the material in his gravitomagnetic field circuit
has hysterisis and remanence effects analogous to
magnetic materials. Available on the web at
http://www.eskimo.com/~billb/weird/wallc.
3. US Patent No 3823570, Heat Pump, Henry Wm Wallace, 60
Oxford Drive, Freeport NY, July 16, 1974 Wallace's third patent
provides an additional variation of his experiment. Wallace
demonstrates that by aligning the nuclear spin of materials having an
odd number of nucleons, order is created in the material, resulting in
a change in specific heat.
4. New Scientist, 14 February 1980, Patents Review. This
article is one of the only references to Wallace's work anywhere in
the literature. The article provides a brief summary of his invention
and ends with this intriguing paragraph. "Although the Wallace patents
were initially ignored as cranky, observers believe that his invention
is now under serious but secret investigation by the military
authorities in the US. The military may now regret that the patents
have already been granted and so are available for anyone to read."
5. Electric Propulsion Study, Dennis L. Cravens, Science
Applications International Corp, August 1990, Prepared for
Astronautics Laboratory, Edwards AFB. This report provides a
detailed review of a variety of 5-D theories of gravitational
and electromagnetic interactions. It also provides a summary
of a variety of possibly anomalous experiments, including
experiments relating to spin aligned nuclei. The reports contains
two paragraphs about Wallace's inventions -- partially quoted
here: "The patents are written in a very believable style which
include part numbers, sources for some components, and diagrams
of data. Attempts were made to contact Wallace using patent
addresses and other sources but he was not located nor is there
a trace of what became of his work. The concept can be somewhat
justified on general relativistic grounds since rotating frames
of time varying fields are expected to emit gravitational waves."
6. On the Gravitational Effects of Rotating Masses: The
Lense-Thirring Papers Translated, B. Mashhoon, F.W. Hehl, and D.S.
Theiss. General Relativity and Gravitation, Vol 16, 711-50 (1984) A
translation of the original article in German by J. Lense and H.
Thirring published in 1918. This article is the first fairly
comprehensive analysis of the necessary existence of the
gravito-magnetic field. An earlier prediction of the existence of this
field was made by Heaviside in the 1880s.
7. Proceedings of the IRE Vol 49 p 892, Robert L.
Forward (1961) Forward was the first to express the gravitomagnetic
field in the modern form of Maxwells equations for gravitation. He
named it the prorotational field.
8. Gravitation, C.W. Misner, K.S. Thorne, and J.A.
Wheeler, Freeman Publishing, San Francisco (1973). MTW is the bible of
gravitational theorists. Among many other theories presented,
gravitational field equations are derived from general
relativity in a form similar to Maxwells equations.
9. Laboratory Experiments to Test Relativistic Gravity,
Vladimir B. Braginsky, Carlton M. Caves, and Kip S. Thorne, Physical
Review D, Vol 15 No 8 p2047, April 15 1977. Gravitational field
equations are derived from General Relativity in a form similar to
Maxwells equations. The gravitomagnetic field is called magnetic-type
gravity. A variety of experiments are proposed and analyzed for
detecting the gravitomagnetic field.
10. Foucault Pendulum at the South Pole: Proposal for an
Experiment to Detect the Earth's General Relativistic
Gravitomagnetic Field, Vladimir Braginsky, Aleksander Polnarev,
and Kip Thorne, Physical Review Letters, Vol 53 No 9 p863, August
1984. Analyses an experiment for detecting the earth's
gravitomagnetic field. Possibly the first authors to use the
terms gravitomagnetic and gravitoelectric.
11. On Relativistic Gravitation, D. Bedford and P.
Krumm, American Journal of Physics, Vol 53 No 9, September 1985.
The necessary existence of the gravitomagnetic field is derived
from arguments based on apecial relativity. The field is referred
to as the gravitational analog of the magnetic field.
12. The Gravitational Poynting Vector and Energy
Transfer, Peter Krumm and Donald Bedford, American Journal of Physics,
Vol 55 No 4, p. 362, April 1987. Establishes the necessary existence
of the gravitomagnetic field based on arguments from special
relativity and energy conservation in mass flow. Derives the
gravitational Poynting vector. Names the two types of gravitational
fields as gravinetic and gravistatic.
13. Gravitomagnetism in Special Relativity, American
Journal of Physics, Vol. 56, No. 6, p. 523, June 1988. Predicts the
existence of the gravitomagnetic field using special relativity and
time dilation. Names the fields gravielectric and
gravimagnetic.
14. Detection of the Gravitomagnetic Field Using an
Orbiting Superconducting Gravity Gradiometer: Theoretical Principles,
Bahram Mashhoon, Ho Jung Paik, and Clifford Will, Physical Review D,
Vol. 39, No. 10 p. 2825, May 1989. Provides a summary analysis of
Maxwells equations for gravitation, and an in-depth analysis of the
Gravity Probe-B orbital gyroscope experiment for detecting the earth's
gravitomagnetic field.
15. Analogy Between General Relativity and
Electromagnetism for Slowly Moving Particles in Weak Gravitational
Fields, Edward G. Harris, American Journal of Physics, Vol. 59 No. 5,
May 1991. Derives Maxwells equations for gravitation from GR in the
case of non-relativistic velocities and relatively weak field
strengths. A somewhat more direct method of derivation is used
compared with the PPN formulation used by Braginsky, et al.
16. Gravitation and Inertia, Ignazio Ciufolini and John
Wheeler, Princeton Series in Physics, Princeton University Press
(1995), Chapter 6 -- The Gravitomagnetic Field and its Measurement.
Derives the electromagnetic analog of the gravitational field
equations, and provides in-depth analysis of experiments for detecting
the gravitomagnetic field.
17. Causality, Electromagnetic Induction, and
Gravitation. Oleg Jefimenko, Electret Scientific Publishing, Star City
WV (1992). Jefimenko derives the electromagnetic field equations based
on retarded sources, (charges, moving charges, and accelerating
charges). He applies similar arguments to the gravitational field
equations. If gravitational energy propagates at any finite speed, the
gravito-magnetic field must exist. Maxwells equations for gravitation
are presented. He also presents an unusual configuration of mass which
is predicted to provide an antigravity effect.
18. Physics Review Letters, Vol. 16, p. 1902, B.S.
Dewitt (1966) Dewitt was the first to analyze fluxoid quantization in
a superconductor in the presence of a time varying magnetic-type
gravitational field.
19. The London Equations for Superconductors in a
Gravitational Field, D.K. Ross, Journal of Physics A, Vol. 16, p.
1331. (1983) Maxwell's equations for gravitation are presented in
vector form. Ross uses the name coined by Forward for the
gravitomagnetic field -- the prorotational field. Fluxoid quantization
is analyzed in the presence of a varying gravitomagnetic field. Ross
establishes that the momentum of a charged particle in an
electromagnetic and gravitational field is given (in MKS units) by: p
= mv +qA + mV, where V is the gravito-magnetic vector potential, and A
is the magnetic vector potential. The resulting modified London
equations are presented in covariant form.
20. Effects of a Gravitomagnetic Field on Pure
Superconductors, Ning Li and Douglas Torr, Physical Review D, Vol. 43,
No.2, p457, January 1991. Li and Torr present Maxwell's equations for
gravitation using MKS units. The equations are given in a form where
the gravitomagnetic permeability of a superconductor material is
presumed to be different than the permeability of free space. Vector
equations for the gravitational potentials are also presented. The
canonical momentum is derived (same finding as Ross paper). It is
established that an electrical current also results in a mass current,
and an inter-relationship is derived between the magnetic field and
gravitomagnetic field in a superconductor. It is established that the
magnetic flux in a superconductor is a function of the gravitomagnetic
permeability, and vice versa, resulting in a more rigorous form of the
Meissner equation and the London theory. It is shown that the
gravitomagnetic field must have a relatively large size in a
superconductor, and is on the order of 1011 times larger than the
magnetic field.
21. Gravitational Effects on the Magnetic Attenuation of
Superconductors, Ning Li and Douglas Torr, Physical Review B, Vol. 64,
No. 9, p. 5489. September 1992. Li and Torr elaborate on their theory
of the interrelationship of the gravitomagnetic field and the magnetic
field in superconductors. It is established that the gravitomagnetic
field must be sourced by spin alignment of the lattice ions. The
velocity of a gravitational wave in a superconductor is estimated to
be two orders of magnitude slower than the vacuum velocity, resulting
in an estimate of relative gravitational permeability of a
superconductor material which is as much as four magnitudes
greater than free space.
22. Gravitoelectric-Electric Coupling Via
Superconductivity, Douglas Torr and Ning Li, Foundations of Physics
Letters, Vol. 6, No. 4, p. 71, (1993). Torr and Li continue their
analysis of gravitational effects in superconductors. Abstract:
"Recently we demonstrated theoretically that the carriers of quantized
angular momentum are not the Cooper pairs but the latice ions, which
must execute coherent localized motion consistent with the phenomenon
of superconductivity. We demonstrate here that in the presence of
an external magnetic field, the free superelectron and bound ion
currents largely cancel providing a self-consistent microscopic
and macroscopic interpretation of near-zero magnetic permeability
inside superconductors. The neutral mass currents, however, do
not cancel, because of the monopolar gravitational charge. It is
shown the coherent alignment of lattice ion spins will generate a
detectable gravitomagnetic field, and in the presence of a time-
dependent applied magnetic vector potential field, a detectable
gravitoelectric field."
23. Proposal for the Experimental Detection of
Gravitomagnetism in the Terrestrial Laboratory, Robert Becker, Paul
Smith, and Heffrey Bertrand. September 1995. Published on the web at
http://www.inetarena.com/~noetic/pls/RBecker/Gmexp2.htm. Becker,
et al, demonstrate mathematically that a significant
gravitomagnetic field must exist concurrently with a magnetic
field in a superconductor whenever there is flux pinning or other
forms of flux trapping. An experiment is proposed whereby a small
hole is made in a superconductor, flux is trapped in the hole,
and the gravito-magnetic field is detected by measuring counter-
torque from a macroscopic cylindrical mass inserted through the
hole.
24. International Journal of Theoretical Physics, K.
Nordtvedt, Vol 27, p1395-1403. 1988. The gravitomagnetic field is
indirectly detected by astronomical observations of the periastron
precession rate of the binary pulsar PSR 1913+16.
25. Test of the Lense-Thirring Orbital Shift Due to
Spin, Ignazio Ciufolini, Federico Chieppa, David Lucchesi, and
Francesco Vespe. Classical and Quantum Gravitation, Vol 14 p2710-2726.
1997. The gravitomagnetic field which results from the earth's
rotation is experimentally detected and measured by laser tracking of
the LAGEOS II satellite. The results agree with the Lense-Thirring
derivation from General Relativity.
26. A Possibility of Gravitational Force Shielding by
Bulk YBa2Cu3O7-x Superconductor, E. Podkletnov and R. Nieminen,
Physica C Vol. 203, p. 441, (1992). Podkletnov describes an experiment
where a 2% reduction in weight is created in a mass suspended over a
levitated and rotating super-conductor disk. A detailed compilation of
information about this experiment is available on the web at
http://www.inetarena.com/~noetic/pls/gravity.html.
27. Weak Gravitational Shielding Properties of Composite
Bulk Yba2Cu3O7-x Superconductor Below 70K Under EM Field, Eugene
Podkletnov, LANL Physics Preprint Server, Cond-Mat/9701074, January
1997. Podkletnov provides greater detail about his experimental
apparatus and the construction of the superconductor disk. Available
on the web at
http://www.gravity.org/msu.html.
Additional Sources
The following items give the technical details of NASA's
ongoing work to replicate Podkletnov's experiment. Dr. Li, mentioned
elsewhere in this paper, is one of the researchers.
http://ro.com/~preavis/Delta-G/Physica-C.htm
Static Test for A Gravitational Force Coupled to Type II YBCO
Superconductors, Ning Li*, David Noever, Tony Robertson, Ron
Koczor, and Whitt Brantley NASA Marshall Space Flight Center,
Huntsville, AL 35812 and *The University of Alabama in
Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35804. Physica C Preprint.
http://ro.com/~preavis/Delta-G/Delta-G_investig.htm
High Temperature Superconductor Research (Project 96-07),
Investigators: R.J. Koczor/EA01, D.A. Noever/ES76, G.A.
Robertson/EP32, Ning Li/UAH.
The following items by Modanese are the most detailed
theoretical analyses of the Tampere Effect given to date. Modanese's
basic idea is that the rotating superconductor is a macroscopic
quantum-coherent state (Bose-Einstein condensate) which affects
gravity by means of modifying Einstein's cosmological constant term in
the gravity-field equations. This mechanism appears to be different
from, but possibly closely related to, the gravitomagnetic field
discussed above in this article. In any case, it is plausible to
think, or at least to suggest, that the unpaired nuclear spins in
Wallace's special materials also comprise a macroscopic
quantum-coherent state and thus could act as proposed by Modanese's
theory.
http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/gr-qc/9612022. Possible quantum
gravity effects in a charged Bose condensate under variable e.m.
field, G. Modanese, J. Schnurer.
http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/hep-th/9601160. Role of a
"Local" Cosmological Constant in Euclidean Quantum Gravity, G.
Modanese. Phys.Rev. D54 (1996) 5002-5009
http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/hep-th/9508018. General
properties of the decay amplitudes for massless particles Authors: G.
Fiore, G. Modanese. Nucl.Phys. B477 (1996) 623-651.
http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/hep-th/9505094. Theoretical
analysis of a reported weak gravitational shielding effect, G.
Modanese. Europhys.Lett. 35 (1996) 413-418.
http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/hep-th/9410086. Vacuum
correlations at geodesic distance in quantum gravity, G. Modanese
(INFN, Trento, and Max-Planck-Institut, Muenchen), report U.T.F. 332,
July 94. Riv. Nuovo Cim. 17 (1994).
APPENDIX-- SI (MKS) Dimensisons of the Gravitomagnetic
Field.
Gravitoelectric Charge = Kg
Gravitoelectric Field = Meter/Sec-Squared
Gravitoelectric Flux Density = Kg/Meter-Squared
Mass Current = Kg/Sec = (Weber/Meter)(Coul/Meter)
Gravitomagnetic Dipole Moment =
(Kg)(Meter-Squared)/Sec
Gravitoelectric Dipole Moment = (Kg)(Meter)
Gravitomagnetic Charge = (Velocity)(Meter) =
Square-Meter/Sec
Gravitomagnetic Field = (Mass Current)/Meter =
Kg/Sec-Meter
Gravitomagnetic Flux Density = (Gravitomagnetic
Charge)/Meter^2
Gravitoelectric Scalar Potential = Joule/Kg
Gravitomagnetic Vector Potential = (Gravitomagnetic
Charge)/Meter
Gravitoelectric Permitivity = Gravitoelectric Flux per
Gravitoelectric Field
Gravitomagnetic Permeability = Gravitomagnetic Flux
per Gravitomagnetic Field
Assuming Transverse Gravitational Waves Propagate at
Light Speed --
P.O. Box 71407
Las Vegas NV 89179
E-mail: robert@skylink.net
(in purely electrical units, Kg = (Weber/Meter)(Coul/Meter)(Sec)
= Angular
Momentum
=
(Coulomb)(Weber)
(You would need the equivalent of negative mass to make one of these)
=
((Kg)(Meter^2)/Sec)/Meter^3
= Spin Density
= Angular Momentum/Cubic-Meter
=
(Coulomb)(Weber)/Cubic-Meter
=
Velocity/Meter
= 1/Sec =
Angular Velocity
=
(Acceleration)(Meter)
=
(Gravitoelectric Field)(Meter)
=
Velocity-Squared
=
Meter-Squared/Second-Squared
= Velocity =
Meter/Sec
=
(Kg)(Second-Squared)/(Cubic Meter)
= 1/4(Pi)(G)
= 1.1927E09 Kg-Sec^2/Meter^3
= Meter/Kg
=
1/(c-squared)(epsilon0)
= 9.316E-27
Meter/Kg