by Dana Priest and William M. Arkin
Staff researcher Julie Tate
contributed to this report
July 19, 2010
from
WashingtonPost Website
The top-secret world the government created in response to the terrorist
attacks of
Sept. 11, 2001, has become so large, so unwieldy and so secretive
that no one knows how much money it costs, how many people it employs, how
many programs exist within it or exactly how many agencies do the same work.
These are some of the findings of a two-year investigation by The Washington
Post that discovered what amounts to an alternative geography of the United
States, a Top Secret America hidden from public view and lacking in thorough
oversight.
After nine years of unprecedented spending and growth, the result
is that the system put in place to keep the United States safe is so massive
that its effectiveness is impossible to determine.
The investigation's other findings include:
-
Some 1,271 government organizations and 1,931 private companies work on
programs related to counterterrorism, homeland security and intelligence in
about 10,000 locations across the United States.
-
An estimated 854,000 people, nearly 1.5 times as many people as live in
Washington, D.C., hold top-secret security clearances.
-
In Washington and the surrounding area, 33 building complexes for
top-secret intelligence work are under construction or have been built since
September 2001. Together they occupy the equivalent of almost three
Pentagons or 22 U.S. Capitol buildings - about 17 million square feet of
space.
-
Many security and intelligence agencies do the same work, creating
redundancy and waste. For example, 51 federal organizations and military
commands, operating in 15 U.S. cities, track the flow of money to and from
terrorist networks.
-
Analysts who make sense of documents and conversations obtained by foreign
and domestic spying share their judgment by publishing 50,000 intelligence
reports each year - a volume so large that many are routinely ignored.
An alternative geography
Since Sept. 11, 2001, the top-secret world created to respond to the
terrorist attacks has grown into an unwieldy enterprise spread over 10,000
U.S. locations.
Launch Photo Gallery
These are not academic issues; lack of focus, not lack of resources, was at
the heart of the Fort Hood shooting that left 13 dead, as well as the
Christmas Day bomb attempt thwarted not by the thousands of analysts
employed to find lone terrorists but by an alert airline passenger who saw
smoke coming from his seatmate.
They are also issues that greatly concern some of the people in charge of
the nation's security.
"There has been so much growth since 9/11 that getting your arms around that
- not just for the CIA, for the secretary of defense - is a challenge,"
Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates said in an interview with The Post last
week.
In the Department of Defense, where more than two-thirds of the intelligence
programs reside, only a handful of senior officials - called Super Users -
have the ability to even know about all the department's activities.
But as
two of the Super Users indicated in interviews, there is simply no way they
can keep up with the nation's most sensitive work.
"I'm not going to live long enough to be briefed on everything" was how one
Super User put it.
The other recounted that for his initial briefing, he was
escorted into a tiny, dark room, seated at a small table and told he
couldn't take notes. Program after program began flashing on a screen, he
said, until he yelled ''Stop!" in frustration.
"I wasn't remembering any of it," he said.
Underscoring the seriousness of these issues are the conclusions of retired
Army Lt. Gen. John R. Vines, who was asked last year to review the method
for tracking the Defense Department's most sensitive programs. Vines, who
once commanded 145,000 troops in Iraq and is familiar with complex problems,
was stunned by what he discovered.
"I'm not aware of any agency with the authority, responsibility or a process
in place to coordinate all these interagency and commercial activities," he
said in an interview. "The complexity of this system defies description."
The result, he added, is that it's impossible to tell whether the country is
safer because of all this spending and all these activities.
"Because it
lacks a synchronizing process, it inevitably results in message dissonance,
reduced effectiveness and waste," Vines said. "We consequently can't
effectively assess whether it is making us more safe."
The Post's investigation is based on government documents and contracts, job
descriptions, property records, corporate and social networking Web sites,
additional records, and hundreds of interviews with intelligence, military
and corporate officials and former officials.
Most requested anonymity
either because they are prohibited from speaking publicly or because, they
said, they feared retaliation at work for describing their concerns.
The Post's online database of government organizations and private companies
was built entirely on public records. The investigation focused on
top-secret work because the amount classified at the secret level is too
large to accurately track.
Today's article describes the government's role in this expanding
enterprise. Tuesday's article describes the government's dependence on
private contractors. Wednesday's is a portrait of one Top Secret America
community.
On the Web, an extensive, searchable database built by The Post
about Top Secret America is available at washingtonpost.com/topsecretamerica.
Defense Secretary Gates, in his interview with The Post, said that he does
not believe the system has become too big to manage but that getting precise
data is sometimes difficult.
Singling out the growth of intelligence units
in the Defense Department, he said he intends to review those programs for
waste.
"Nine years after 9/11, it makes a lot of sense to sort of take a
look at this and say, 'Okay, we've built tremendous capability, but do we
have more than we need?' " he said.
CIA Director Leon Panetta, who was also interviewed by The Post last week,
said he's begun mapping out a five-year plan for his agency because the
levels of spending since 9/11 are not sustainable.
"Particularly with these
deficits, we're going to hit the wall. I want to be prepared for that," he
said. "Frankly, I think everyone in intelligence ought to be doing that."
In an interview before he resigned as the director of national intelligence
in May, retired Adm. Dennis C. Blair said he did not believe there was
overlap and redundancy in the intelligence world.
"Much of what appears to
be redundancy is, in fact, providing tailored intelligence for many
different customers," he said.
Blair also expressed confidence that subordinates told him what he needed to
know.
"I have visibility on all the important intelligence programs across
the community, and there are processes in place to ensure the different
intelligence capabilities are working together where they need to," he said.
Weeks later, as he sat in the corner of a ballroom at the Willard Hotel
waiting to give a speech, he mused about The Post's findings.
"After 9/11,
when we decided to attack violent extremism, we did as we so often do in
this country," he said. "The attitude was, if it's worth doing, it's
probably worth overdoing."
Outside a gated subdivision of mansions in McLean, a line of cars idles
every weekday morning as a new day in Top Secret America gets underway.
The
drivers wait patiently to turn left, then crawl up a hill and around a bend
to a destination that is not on any public map and not announced by any
street sign.
Liberty Crossing tries hard to hide from view. But in the winter, leafless
trees can't conceal a mountain of cement and windows the size of five
Wal-Mart stores stacked on top of one another rising behind a grassy berm.
One step too close without the right badge, and men in black jump out of
nowhere, guns at the ready.
Past the armed guards and the hydraulic steel barriers, at least 1,700
federal employees and 1,200 private contractors work at Liberty Crossing,
the nickname for the two headquarters of the Office of the Director of
National Intelligence and its National Counterterrorism Center.
The two
share a police force, a canine unit and thousands of parking spaces.
Liberty Crossing is at the center of the collection of U.S. government
agencies and corporate contractors that mushroomed after the 2001 attacks.
But it is not nearly the biggest, the most costly or even the most secretive
part of the 9/11 enterprise.
In an Arlington County office building, the lobby directory doesn't include
the Air Force's mysteriously named XOIWS unit, but there's a big "Welcome!"
sign in the hallway greeting visitors who know to step off the elevator on
the third floor.
In Elkridge, Md., a clandestine program hides in a tall
concrete structure fitted with false windows to look like a normal office
building. In Arnold, Mo., the location is across the street from a Target
and a Home Depot.
In St. Petersburg, Fla., it's in a modest brick bungalow
in a run-down business park.
Each day at the National Counterterrorism Center in McLean,
workers review
at least 5,000 pieces of terrorist-related data
from intelligence agencies
and keep an eye on world events.
(Photo by: Melina Mara / The Washington
Post)
Every day across the United States, 854,000 civil servants, military
personnel and private contractors with top-secret security clearances are
scanned into offices protected by electromagnetic locks, retinal cameras and
fortified walls that eavesdropping equipment cannot penetrate.
This is not exactly President Dwight D. Eisenhower's "military-industrial
complex," which emerged with the Cold War and centered on building nuclear
weapons to deter the Soviet Union.
This is a national security enterprise
with a more amorphous mission: defeating transnational violent extremists.
Much of the information about this mission is classified. That is the reason
it is so difficult to gauge the success and identify the problems of Top
Secret America, including whether money is being spent wisely. The U.S.
intelligence budget is vast, publicly announced last year as $75 billion,
21/2 times the size it was on Sept. 10, 2001. But the figure doesn't include
many military activities or domestic counterterrorism programs.
At least 20 percent of the government organizations that exist to fend off
terrorist threats were established or refashioned in the wake of 9/11.
Many
that existed before the attacks grew to historic proportions as the Bush
administration and Congress gave agencies more money than they were capable
of responsibly spending.
The Pentagon's Defense Intelligence Agency, for example, has gone from 7,500
employees in 2002 to 16,500 today. The budget of the National Security
Agency, which conducts electronic eavesdropping, doubled. Thirty-five FBI
Joint Terrorism Task Forces became 106. It was phenomenal growth that began
almost as soon as the Sept. 11 attacks ended.
Nine days after the attacks, Congress committed $40 billion beyond what was
in the federal budget to fortify domestic defenses and to launch a global
offensive against al-Qaeda. It followed that up with an additional $36.5
billion in 2002 and $44 billion in 2003. That was only a beginning.
With the quick infusion of money, military and intelligence agencies
multiplied. Twenty-four organizations were created by the end of 2001,
including the Office of Homeland Security and the Foreign Terrorist Asset
Tracking Task Force.
In 2002, 37 more were created to track weapons of mass
destruction, collect threat tips and coordinate the new focus on
counterterrorism. That was followed the next year by 36 new organizations;
and 26 after that; and 31 more; and 32 more; and 20 or more each in 2007,
2008 and 2009.
In all, at least 263 organizations have been created or reorganized as a
response to 9/11. Each has required more people, and those people have
required more administrative and logistic support: phone operators,
secretaries, librarians, architects, carpenters, construction workers,
air-conditioning mechanics and, because of where they work, even janitors
with top-secret clearances.
With so many more employees, units and organizations, the lines of
responsibility began to blur. To remedy this, at the recommendation of the
bipartisan 9/11 Commission, the
George W. Bush administration and Congress
decided to create an agency in 2004 with overarching responsibilities called
the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) to bring the
colossal effort under control.
While that was the idea, Washington has its own ways.
The first problem was that the law passed by Congress did not give the
director clear legal or budgetary authority over intelligence matters, which
meant he wouldn't have power over the individual agencies he was supposed to
control.
The second problem: Even before the first director, Ambassador John D.
Negroponte, was on the job, the turf battles began.
The Defense Department
shifted billions of dollars out of one budget and into another so that the ODNI could not touch it, according to two senior officials who watched the
process. The CIA reclassified some of its most sensitive information at a
higher level so the National Counterterrorism Center staff, part of the ODNI,
would not be allowed to see it, said former intelligence officers involved.
And then came a problem that continues to this day, which has to do with the
ODNI's rapid expansion.
When it opened in the spring of 2005, Negroponte's office was all of 11
people stuffed into a secure vault with closet-size rooms a block from the
White House. A year later, the budding agency moved to two floors of another
building. In April 2008, it moved into its huge permanent home, Liberty
Crossing.
Today, many officials who work in the intelligence agencies say they remain
unclear about what the ODNI is in charge of.
To be sure, the ODNI has made
some progress, especially in intelligence-sharing, information technology
and budget reform. The DNI and his managers hold interagency meetings every
day to promote collaboration. The last director, Blair, doggedly pursued
such nitty-gritty issues as procurement reform, compatible computer
networks, tradecraft standards and collegiality.
But improvements have been overtaken by volume at the ODNI, as the increased
flow of intelligence data overwhelms the system's ability to analyze and use
it.
Every day, collection systems at the National Security Agency intercept
and store 1.7 billion e-mails, phone calls and other types of
communications. The NSA sorts a fraction of those into 70 separate
databases. The same problem bedevils every other intelligence agency, none
of which have enough analysts and translators for all this work.
The practical effect of this unwieldiness is visible, on a much smaller
scale, in the office of Michael Leiter, the director of the National
Counterterrorism Center. Leiter spends much of his day flipping among four
computer monitors lined up on his desk. Six hard drives sit at his feet. The
data flow is enormous, with dozens of databases feeding separate computer
networks that cannot interact with one another.
There is a long explanation for why these databases are still not connected,
and it amounts to this: It's too hard, and some agency heads don't really
want to give up the systems they have. But there's some progress: "All my
e-mail on one computer now," Leiter says. "That's a big deal."
To get another view of how sprawling Top Secret America has become, just
head west on the toll road toward Dulles International Airport.
As a Michaels craft store and a Books-A-Million give way to the military
intelligence giants Northrop Grumman and Lockheed Martin, find the off-ramp
and turn left. Those two shimmering-blue five-story ice cubes belong to the
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, which analyzes images and mapping
data of the Earth's geography. A small sign obscured by a boxwood hedge says
so.
Across the street, in the chocolate-brown blocks, is
Carahsoft, an
intelligence agency contractor specializing in mapping, speech analysis and
data harvesting. Nearby is the government's Underground Facility Analysis
Center. It identifies overseas underground command centers associated with
weapons of mass destruction and terrorist groups, and advises the military
on how to destroy them.
Clusters of top-secret work exist throughout the country, but the Washington
region is the capital of Top Secret America.
About half of the post-9/11 enterprise is anchored in an arc stretching from
Leesburg south to Quantico, back north through Washington and curving
northeast to Linthicum, just north of the Baltimore-Washington International
Marshall Airport.
Many buildings sit within off-limits government compounds
or military bases.
Others occupy business parks or are intermingled with neighborhoods, schools
and shopping centers and go unnoticed by most people who live or play
nearby.
Many of the newest buildings are not just utilitarian offices but also
edifices "on the order of the pyramids," in the words of one senior military
intelligence officer.
Not far from the Dulles Toll Road, the CIA has expanded into two buildings
that will increase the agency's office space by one-third. To the south,
Springfield is becoming home to the new $1.8 billion National
Geospatial-Intelligence Agency headquarters, which will be the
fourth-largest federal building in the area and home to 8,500 employees.
Economic stimulus money is paying hundreds of millions of dollars for this
kind of federal construction across the region.
Construction for the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency in Springfield
Photo by: Michael S.
Williamson / The Washington Post
It's not only the number of buildings that suggests the size and cost of
this expansion, it's also what is inside: banks of television monitors.
"Escort-required" badges. X-ray machines and lockers to store cellphones and
pagers. Keypad door locks that open special rooms encased in metal or
permanent dry wall, impenetrable to eavesdropping tools and protected by
alarms and a security force capable of responding within 15 minutes.
Every
one of these buildings has at least one of these rooms, known as a SCIF, for
sensitive compartmented information facility. Some are as small as a closet;
others are four times the size of a football field.
SCIF size has become a measure of status in Top Secret America, or at least
in the Washington region of it.
"In D.C., everyone talks SCIF, SCIF, SCIF,"
said Bruce Paquin, who moved to Florida from the Washington region several
years ago to start a SCIF construction business. "They've got the penis envy
thing going. You can't be a big boy unless you're a three-letter agency and
you have a big SCIF."
SCIFs are not the only must-have items people pay attention to.
Command
centers, internal television networks, video walls, armored SUVs and
personal security guards have also become the bling of national security.
"You can't find a four-star general without a security detail," said one
three-star general now posted in Washington after years abroad. "Fear has
caused everyone to have stuff. Then comes, 'If he has one, then I have to
have one.' It's become a status symbol."
Among the most important people inside the SCIFs are the low-paid employees
carrying their lunches to work to save money.
They are the analysts, the 20-
and 30-year-olds making $41,000 to $65,000 a year, whose job is at the core
of everything Top Secret America tries to do.
At its best, analysis melds cultural understanding with snippets of
conversations, coded dialogue, anonymous tips, even scraps of trash, turning
them into clues that lead to individuals and groups trying to harm the
United States.
Their work is greatly enhanced by computers that sort through and categorize
data. But in the end, analysis requires human judgment, and half the
analysts are relatively inexperienced, having been hired in the past several
years, said a senior ODNI official. Contract analysts are often straight out
of college and trained at corporate headquarters.
When hired, a typical analyst knows very little about the priority countries
- Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan - and is not fluent in their
languages. Still, the number of intelligence reports they produce on these
key countries is overwhelming, say current and former intelligence officials
who try to cull them every day.
The ODNI doesn't know exactly how many
reports are issued each year, but in the process of trying to find out, the
chief of analysis discovered 60 classified analytic Web sites still in
operation that were supposed to have been closed down for lack of
usefulness.
"Like a zombie, it keeps on living" is how one official
describes the sites.
The problem with many intelligence reports, say officers who read them, is
that they simply re-slice the same facts already in circulation.
"It's the
soccer ball syndrome. Something happens, and they want to rush to cover it,"
said Richard H. Immerman, who was the ODNI's assistant deputy director of
national intelligence for analytic integrity and standards until early 2009.
"I saw tremendous overlap."
Even the analysts at the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), which is
supposed to be where the most sensitive, most difficult-to-obtain nuggets of
information are fused together, get low marks from intelligence officials
for not producing reports that are original, or at least better than the
reports already written by the CIA, FBI, National Security Agency or Defense
Intelligence Agency.
When Maj. Gen. John M. Custer was the director of intelligence at U.S.
Central Command, he grew angry at how little helpful information came out of
the NCTC.
In 2007, he visited its director at the time, retired Vice Adm.
John Scott Redd, to tell him so.
"I told him that after 41/2 years, this
organization had never produced one shred of information that helped me
prosecute three wars!" he said loudly, leaning over the table during an
interview.
Two years later, Custer, now head of the Army's intelligence school at Fort
Huachuca, Ariz., still gets red-faced recalling that day, which reminds him
of his frustration with Washington's bureaucracy.
"Who has the mission of
reducing redundancy and ensuring everybody doesn't gravitate to the
lowest-hanging fruit?" he said. "Who orchestrates what is produced so that
everybody doesn't produce the same thing?"
He's hardly the only one irritated. In a secure office in Washington, a
senior intelligence officer was dealing with his own frustration.
Seated at
his computer, he began scrolling through some of the classified information
he is expected to read every day:
CIA World Intelligence Review, WIRe-CIA,
Spot Intelligence Report, Daily Intelligence Summary, Weekly Intelligence
Forecast, Weekly Warning Forecast, IC Terrorist Threat Assessments, NCTC
Terrorism Dispatch, NCTC Spotlight...
It's too much, he complained. The inbox on his desk was full, too.
He threw
up his arms, picked up a thick, glossy intelligence report and waved it
around, yelling.
"Jesus! Why does it take so long to produce?"
"Why does it have to be so bulky?"
"Why isn't it online?"
The overload of hourly, daily, weekly, monthly and annual reports is
actually counterproductive, say people who receive them.
Some policymakers
and senior officials don't dare delve into the backup clogging their
computers. They rely instead on personal briefers, and those briefers
usually rely on their own agency's analysis, re-creating the very problem
identified as a main cause of the failure to thwart the attacks: a lack of
information-sharing.
A new Defense Department office complex goes up in Alexandria.
Photo by:
Michael S. Williamson / The Washington Post
The ODNI's analysis office knows this is a problem.
Yet its solution was
another publication, this one a daily online newspaper, Intelligence Today.
Every day, a staff of 22 culls more than two dozen agencies' reports and 63
Web sites, selects the best information and packages it by originality,
topic and region.
Analysis is not the only area where serious overlap appears to be gumming up
the national security machinery and blurring the lines of responsibility.
Within the Defense Department alone, 18 commands and agencies conduct
information operations, which aspire to manage foreign audiences’
perceptions of U.S. policy and military activities overseas.
And all the major intelligence agencies and at least two major military
commands claim a major role in cyber-warfare, the newest and least-defined
frontier.
"Frankly, it hasn't been brought together in a unified approach," CIA
Director Panetta said of the many agencies now involved in cyber-warfare.
"Cyber is tremendously difficult" to coordinate, said Benjamin A. Powell,
who served as general counsel for three directors of national intelligence
until he left the government last year.
"Sometimes there was an unfortunate
attitude of bring your knives, your guns, your fists and be fully prepared
to defend your turf."
Why?
"Because it's funded, it's hot and it's sexy."
Last fall, U.S. Army Maj. Nidal Malik Hasan allegedly opened fire at Fort
Hood, Tex., killing 13 people and wounding 30.
In the days after the
shootings, information emerged about Hasan's increasingly strange behavior
at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, where he had trained as a psychiatrist
and warned commanders that they should allow Muslims to leave the Army or
risk "adverse events."
He had also exchanged e-mails with a well-known
radical cleric in Yemen being monitored by U.S. intelligence.
Anti-Deception Technologies
From avatars and lasers to thermal cameras and fidget meters, this
multimedia gallery takes a look at some of the latest technologies being
developed by the government and private companies to thwart terrorists.
Launch Gallery
But none of this reached the one organization charged with handling
counterintelligence investigations within the Army.
Just 25 miles up the
road from Walter Reed, the Army's 902nd Military Intelligence Group had been
doing little to search the ranks for potential threats. Instead, the 902's
commander had decided to turn the unit's attention to assessing general
terrorist affiliations in the United States, even though the Department of
Homeland Security and the FBI's 106 Joint Terrorism Task Forces were already
doing this work in great depth.
The 902nd, working on a program the commander named RITA, for Radical
Islamic Threat to the Army, had quietly been gathering information on
Hezbollah, Iranian Republican Guard and al-Qaeda student organizations in
the United States.
The assessment "didn't tell us anything we didn't know
already," said the Army's senior counterintelligence officer at the
Pentagon.
Secrecy and lack of coordination have allowed organizations, such as the
902nd in this case, to work on issues others were already tackling rather
than take on the much more challenging job of trying to identify potential
jihadist sympathizers within the Army itself.
Beyond redundancy, secrecy within the intelligence world hampers
effectiveness in other ways, say defense and intelligence officers. For the
Defense Department, the root of this problem goes back to an ultra-secret
group of programs for which access is extremely limited and monitored by
specially trained security officers.
These are called Special Access Programs - or SAPs - and the Pentagon's list
of code names for them runs 300 pages. The intelligence community has
hundreds more of its own, and those hundreds have thousands of sub-programs
with their own limits on the number of people authorized to know anything
about them.
All this means that very few people have a complete sense of
what's going on.
"There's only one entity in the entire universe that has visibility on all
SAPs - that's God," said James R. Clapper, undersecretary of defense for
intelligence and the Obama administration's nominee to be the next director
of national intelligence.
Such secrecy can undermine the normal chain of command when senior officials
use it to cut out rivals or when subordinates are ordered to keep secrets
from their commanders.
One military officer involved in one such program said he was ordered to
sign a document prohibiting him from disclosing it to his four-star
commander, with whom he worked closely every day, because the commander was
not authorized to know about it.
Another senior defense official recalls the
day he tried to find out about a program in his budget, only to be rebuffed
by a peer.
"What do you mean you can't tell me? I pay for the program," he
recalled saying in a heated exchange.
Another senior intelligence official with wide access to many programs said
that secrecy is sometimes used to protect ineffective projects.
"I think the
secretary of defense ought to direct a look at every single thing to see if
it still has value," he said. "The DNI ought to do something similar."
The ODNI hasn't done that yet.
The best it can do at the moment is maintain
a database of the names of the most sensitive programs in the intelligence
community. But the database does not include many important and relevant
Pentagon projects.
Because so much is classified, illustrations of what goes on every day in
Top Secret America can be hard to ferret out. But every so often, examples
emerge. A recent one shows the post-9/11 system at its best and its worst.
Last fall, after eight years of growth and hirings, the enterprise was at
full throttle when word emerged that something was seriously amiss inside
Yemen. In response, President Obama signed an order sending dozens of secret
commandos to that country to target and kill the leaders of an al-Qaeda
affiliate.
In Yemen, the commandos set up a joint operations center packed with hard
drives, forensic kits and communications gear.
They exchanged thousands of
intercepts, agent reports, photographic evidence and real-time video
surveillance with dozens of top-secret organizations in the United States.
That was the system as it was intended.
But when the information reached the
National Counterterrorism Center in Washington for analysis, it arrived
buried within the 5,000 pieces of general terrorist-related data that are
reviewed each day. Analysts had to switch from database to database, from
hard drive to hard drive, from screen to screen, just to locate what might
be interesting to study further.
As military operations in Yemen intensified and the chatter about a possible
terrorist strike increased, the intelligence agencies ramped up their
effort. The flood of information into the NCTC became a torrent.
Somewhere in that deluge was even more vital data. Partial names of someone
in Yemen. A reference to a Nigerian radical who had gone to Yemen. A report
of a father in Nigeria worried about a son who had become interested in
radical teachings and had disappeared inside Yemen.
These were all clues to what would happen when a Nigerian named Umar Farouk
Abdulmutallab left Yemen and eventually boarded a plane in Amsterdam bound
for Detroit.
But nobody put them together because, as officials would
testify later, the system had gotten so big that the lines of responsibility
had become hopelessly blurred.
"There are so many people involved here," NCTC Director Leiter told
Congress.
"Everyone had the dots to connect," DNI Blair explained to the lawmakers.
"But I hadn't made it clear exactly who had primary responsibility."
And so Abdulmutallab was able to step aboard Northwest Airlines Flight 253.
As it descended toward Detroit, he allegedly tried to ignite explosives
hidden in his underwear.
It wasn't the very expensive, very large 9/11
enterprise that prevented disaster.
It was a passenger who saw what he was
doing and tackled him.
"We didn't follow up and prioritize the stream of
intelligence," White House counterterrorism adviser John O. Brennan
explained afterward. "Because no one intelligence entity, or team or task
force was assigned responsibility for doing that follow-up investigation."
Blair acknowledged the problem.
His solution: Create yet another team to run
down every important lead. But he also told Congress he needed more money
and more analysts to prevent another mistake.
More is often the solution proposed by the leaders of the 9/11 enterprise.
After the Christmas Day bombing attempt, Leiter also pleaded for more - more
analysts to join the 300 or so he already had.
The Department of Homeland Security asked for more air marshals, more body
scanners and more analysts, too, even though it can't find nearly enough
qualified people to fill its intelligence unit now. Obama has said he will
not freeze spending on national security, making it likely that those
requests will be funded.
More building, more expansion of offices continues across the country.
A
$1.7 billion NSA data-processing center will be under construction soon near
Salt Lake City. In Tampa, the U.S. Central Command’s new 270,000-square-foot
intelligence office will be matched next year by an equally large
headquarters building, and then, the year after that, by a
51,000-square-foot office just for its special operations section.
Just north of Charlottesville, the new Joint-Use Intelligence Analysis
Facility will consolidate 1,000 defense intelligence analysts on a secure
campus.
Meanwhile, five miles southeast of the White House, the DHS has broken
ground for its new headquarters, to be shared with the Coast Guard. DHS, in
existence for only seven years, already has its own Special Access Programs,
its own research arm, its own command center, its own fleet of armored cars
and its own 230,000-person workforce, the third-largest after the
departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs.
Soon, on the grounds of the former St. Elizabeth's mental hospital in
Anacostia, a $3.4 billion showcase of security will rise from the crumbling
brick wards.
The new headquarters will be the largest government complex
built since the Pentagon, a major landmark in the alternative geography of
Top Secret America and four times as big as Liberty Crossing.
Video
Top Secret America
Washington Post Reveals Massive Outsourced US
Intelligence System
Top Secret America