My name is Sam Chachoua and I’m an MD from Melbourne, Australia. 
			What I’m going to talk to you about now is something quite new and 
			revolutionary. It’s called Induced Remission Therapy and it’s a 
			treatment that is based on three natural phenomena: organ 
			resistance, organism resistance, and spontaneous remission.
I first got into cancer research at an early age when my father was 
			diagnosed with multiple myeloma, and I basically tried to see 
			whether I could find something that could help him where 
			conventional therapies were failing. One thing that I noted in all 
			the studies I had was that there are parts of the human body-for 
			example, the small intestine-which are consistently resistant to 
			cancer. Regardless of how far and wide cancer usually spreads, it 
			usually leaves the small intestine alone.
There’s also something known as "organism resistance", which means 
			that most other animals that we try to give human cancer to are able 
			to reject it. So I set about designing an experimental protocol 
			where I was going to find out what it was about the small intestine 
			that made it resistant to cancer, and I was going to find out what 
			it was about horses, cats and dogs and other animals that made them 
			resistant to human cancer.
To cut a long story short, I managed to isolate the immunological 
			factors which I used in experimental protocols at the Peter McCallum 
			Cancer Institute. At age 18 I’d written my first paper, and the 
			following year I presented it before the Clinical Oncology Society 
			of Australia. Let me tell you, I was pretty proud of myself.  
				
				
				 
				
				I 
			thought:  
				
				
					
					"Kid, you’ve got it made; you’ve helped your dad now, and 
			this therapy is going to be adopted soon." 
				
				
				And I could just see it. 
			I was going to walk into the Clinical Oncology Society of Australia. 
			Everybody’s going to cheer and get on the phone and say:  
				
				
					
					"Hey, we’ve 
			got a young kid here; give me the Nobel Committee." 
				
				
				Naïve! I was 
			actually greeted with all the warmth one usually reserves for a 
			venereal disease or an acute attack of hemorrhoids!
Let me just jump to how this form of therapy can apply to 
				AIDS. 
			We’ve known for a very long time that it’s impossible to give 
			animals AIDS by injecting them with HIV. Now there are two 
			possibilities: either animals are inherently resistant, i.e., they 
			don’t have receptor sites for HIV; or maybe, just maybe, they have 
			an immune system which is capable of fighting and destroying the 
			virus. Well, hey, let’s check it out!
So the initial data all showed promise that you could raise an 
			immune response out of a horse, for example, that would selectively 
			destroy HIV. What intrigued and amazed me was seeing the thought 
			processes or, rather, not being able to see the thought processes in 
			the AIDS researchers who for years now have tried to find some way 
			of developing an immune system resistant to AIDS.  
				
				
				 
				
				They sit there and 
			say:  
				
				
					
					"Well, we need to make an animal model. Once we have an animal 
			model, once we’ve made an animal sick with AIDS we can find a way to 
			cure it." 
				
				
				So they get their little test animals; they get their 
			rats, their dogs, their horses and cats; they inject them with 
			HIV-and they can’t give them AIDS! 
				
				
				 
				
				They get really upset about that: 
				
				
					
					"How am I supposed to find a cure for
					AIDS if I can’t give this 
			animal AIDS? I’m injecting it with HIV to try to find an immune 
			response that will kill HIV, and it won’t take it. How am I supposed 
			to do my job?" 
				
				
				Are you following the thought pattern here? It’s 
			looking right at them. 
It would seem a bit of an anticlimax if I were to tell you that one 
			of the easiest ways to deal with the greatest plague today is to use 
			an animal system that’s resistant to the plague, and treat and cure 
			the people suffering from the disease. A hundred years ago, before 
			we had antibiotics, the only therapy we had for pneumonia, smallpox 
			and polio was horse serum. 
				
				 
				
				They’d get a horse, shoot it with a 
			disease, draw the horse serum out, shoot that into the person and 
			cure them. If that therapy was good enough to deal with the plagues 
			a hundred years ago, why isn’t it being applied now?
But what happens if you do apply it now? Here’s the case of a young 
			man with AIDS. He’s 32 years old. He’s got a pneumocystis pneumonia, 
			he’s short of breath, he’s got a T-cell count of 80 and a T4/T8 
			imbalance. So, essentially, his blood, his virus, is extracted out; 
			an animal, such as a horse, is vaccinated with his blood; the 
			antiserum from the animal is then purified against this patient’s 
			blood so it doesn’t cause allergic reactions; and the patient is 
			treated with the horse’s serum. 
				
				 
				
				And we see that within 24 hours, the 
				pneumocystis pneumonia clears up. That’s pretty remarkable 
			considering that the best that antibiotics can do, if they can clear 
			it, is take days to weeks. This patient’s symptoms resolved; his 
			T-cell count went up to 780 within 10 days from a low of 80, and his 
			T4/T8 ratio became normal.
Now what I’ve just told you is pretty dramatic, but doesn’t it make 
			some sense to you? Isn’t it common sense? We have a disease that can 
			ravage our immune systems but can’t ravage a horse’s, can’t ravage 
			another animal’s. Why not use those animals’ immune systems to 
			destroy the disease?
So, off I went to the big hospitals in the US, and I said, "Hey, 
			guys, look at this!" I showed them the case study and the patient I 
			brought with me. I showed them ’befores’ and ’afters’ which were 
			done on US soil, and they said: "Inject a person with horse serum? 
			Are you insane? We’d never do that."
A few months later, some of the people whom I was speaking to from a 
			related centre-friends of theirs, actually-came out with the 
			announcement that they’re going to give a baboon’s bone marrow to an 
				AIDS patient because baboons are resistant to
				HIV!
At that stage, feeling dejected and rather silly, I set about trying 
			to investigate as much in the way of alternative therapy and 
			conventional therapy as I could-and believe me, I investigated just 
			about everything, down to laughter therapy!
Now one thing that really struck me very quickly on in the piece 
			when I was reviewing all the alternative, natural and conventional 
			therapies is that there are two misnomers that exist in this world. 
			One of them is "natural therapy".
Please, don’t take me the wrong way. There’s a lot of good in 
			alternative therapy, there’s a lot of good in vitamins and diet, but 
			what on Earth is natural about shoving 50,000 units of vitamin C 
			intravenously? What’s natural about injecting ozone into somebody’s 
			backside? What’s natural about cappuccino enemas?
The other great misnomer in the medical field of conventional 
			therapy are the terms "radiotherapy" and "chemotherapy". How the 
			world "chemo" ever got side by side with the word "therapy" is 
			beyond me. Never before has a therapy repeatedly failed for 80 
			years, caused the most hideous side effects known to man, and 
			continued to prosper and flourish. It amazes me that chemotherapy 
			has spread its wings without people knowing.
For example, how many people know that the commonest therapy for 
			aggressive psoriasis these days is chemotherapy? 
				
				 
				
				Teenagers and 
			people of child-bearing age will go to the doctor, and their doctor 
			will say: 
				
					
					"I’ll give you a folic acid antagonist called
					Methotrexate." 
			
				
				
				You see, "folic acid antagonist" sounds better than "chemotherapy", 
			doesn’t it, but it’s chemo. These kids are swallowing poison, and 
			they and their kids will suffer the consequences.
Did you hear about the latest breakthrough, a new form of 
			contraception that’s now on the market? It’s a one-shot abortion 
			injection. Well, the abortion injection is a folic acid antagonist. 
			It’s chemotherapy.
Let’s be blunt about something. Alternative therapy is great, and we 
			can probably extend and improve the quality of life of people who 
			are ill, and, heaven knows, we can prevent a lot of diseases from 
			happening; but when you cut down to the chase, conventional therapy 
			and alternative therapy are joined by one thing.
Over the past hundred years in the war against 
				cancer, we’ve failed 
			abysmally. Let’s be frank here: if a hundred people were to do the 
			most arduous alternative therapy available, we would not cure a 
			hundred cancer patients; we would not cure a hundred AIDS patients.
				
There are only three reasons why we’re failing in our war. One 
			possibility is that the weaponry isn’t powerful enough. Now, in 
			chemotherapy and radiotherapy we have weaponry that can cremate a 
			person! So, it can’t be that one; rule that one out. The second 
			possibility is that the target is invisible. Now we know that to be 
			true; we know that cancer cells are immunologically invisible. The 
			third possibility is that there’s another target.
The one thing I found depressing about alternative and conventional 
			therapy is that they both totally ignored the phenomenon of 
			"spontaneous remission" which is perhaps the most natural phenomenon 
			which repeatedly tells us how to cure terminal disease. "Spontaneous 
			remission" is a term given to miraculous healings, where people on 
			their death bed ’rise from the dead’ within two to three days 
			without a trace of their disease. It’s a phenomenon that’s been 
			reported in the literature but hardly ever investigated.
The data on 
				spontaneous remission strongly suggest that just before 
			a person with cancer, heart disease, 
				arthritis or any of the other 
			terminal diseases has a spontaneous remission or a cure of their 
			disease, they suffer what seems to be a viral or bacterial or some 
			form of severe infection.
This was noticed by a Dr Didot, in France, who noted that the 
				existence of syphilis precluded the appearance of cancer. If 
			prostitutes had syphilis, they were very unlikely to develop cancer. 
			This doctor actually treated 20 cancer patients with syphilis and, 
			of those 20, 14 went into total remission. As the syphilis grew, it 
			munched up the cancer; the cancer went away. Another three patients 
			did pretty well, and a couple of them died of the syphilis. But this 
			was a few hundred years ago, and given the choice between "the Big 
			C" and "the Big S" - well, today we can cure syphilis with a couple of 
			shots of penicillin, or so I’ve been told!
Late last century, 
				Dr William Coley had a patient who had bone 
			cancer and developed a severe syphilis or skin infection. As the 
			skin infection grew, it munched on the bone cancer and the bone 
			cancer disappeared. Dr Coley went on to develop what he called 
			"Coley’s toxins" and used them for many years as a therapy that got 
			quite good results.
The trouble here is that Dr Coley succumbed to what I call "macho 
			medicine". The infection he isolated from the patient, and which 
			cured the patient, had remarkable successes in subsequent patients 
			treated with the same infection, but he wasn’t happy with that. 
			Coley wanted something that would do better, so he found a more 
			toxic infection. Instead of using the specific Streptococcus strain 
			which he’d isolated from the patient, he found a Streptococcus that 
			kills people, reasoning that it’s more toxic, therefore it will kill 
			more cancer, and therefore the chances of cure are better.
It’s been long known that in areas 
				where malaria exists, there’s no 
			cancer; and when you get rid of malaria, drain the swamps, kill the 
			mosquitoes, the cancer rate rises. People who have cancer and who 
			catch malaria have a chance of going into remission. Just recently, 
				Dr Henry Heimlich [who developed the Heimlich manoeuvre for 
			preventing choking] injected a few AIDS patients with malaria and 
			managed to get them into some form of remission where they improved 
			and stayed stable at the improved level.
All these observations led me to come up with something I call 
			"nemesis theory", which states that for every disease there’s an 
				antidisease organism which will specifically attack and destroy it.
				
This then led to the development of "nemesis therapy", where I make 
			extracts of these "nemesis organisms" with which to treat specific 
			diseases.
And how do you find nemesis organisms? Well, you look around. Where 
			there’s a disease and there’s less of another disease, the chances 
			are that they’re antagonistic to each other. Or, you work on basic 
			levels, as I like to do, and do test after test after test to check.
				
What I did in the laboratory was get thousands of bottles and place 
			leukemia lymph node tumor biopsies in them. Each bottle had a 
			particular organism growing inside it. The one with affinity for the 
				cancer actually grabbed hold of the cancer and ate it. This protein 
				’web’ - actually, a fungus - shot up and encapsulated the tumor. Within 
			a few days, there was a little bit of the cancer left. A couple of 
			weeks later, no cancer - just the fungus!
So what this does is it gives us this new therapeutic modality. This 
				nemesis organism can now give us highly specific chemicals that it 
			used to kill the cancer, but which can be made so they do not attack 
			any other sort of tissue. Two, it can give us tagging complexes 
			which stick to the outside of the cancer and make the cancer highly 
			visible to the immune system. And three, it can give us a complete 
			range of digestive enzymes which are specific for digesting the 
			cancer and the cancer alone. So this little baby not just kills the 
			disease, it also cleans up after itself!
With use of the tagging system, if the immune system looks at this 
			fibrillary network of protein stuck onto the outside of the cancer, 
			it doesn’t see cancer; it sees a bug and it wants to go after the 
			bug. Now, you don’t inject the bug; you purify the protein extract 
			that sticks to the cancer and you inject that. That then sticks to 
			the cancer in the body. The body can then see it and recognize it 
			because it’s tagged with bacterial, fungal or viral protein.
You and I have no trouble getting rid of a cough or a cold in a week 
			or two. We can get rid of cancer: make the cancer look like a cough 
			or a cold by sticking cough or cold particles on it, and the body 
			will attack it, destroy it and remove it.
However, there were instances where patients had a regression 
			several months or years after treatment of their tumors with a 
			tagging complex. This suggested that tagging the cancer was not the 
			be-all and end-all, that tagging the cancer cell still didn’t cure 
			cancer the disease. There was another factor at work.
An interesting observation was made about 20 years ago when 
				leukemia patients were treated by wiping out their bone marrow and 
			then giving them somebody else’s bone marrow. It was found that the 
				leukemia would invariably recur. And you know how they say how 
			cancer comes back? 
				
				 
				
				Well, the doctor says: 
				
					
					"Sorry, Mr Jones; it seems 
			that when I was operating on you and I was giving you the chemo and 
			the radio, one cell spilt, and this one cell hid and then went all 
			over the place and grew again-just this one cell, the spilt cell."
					
				
				
				One cell or a few cells get loose and the disease comes back. This 
			may account for some of the cancer recurrences, but to try to 
			explain all cancer recurrences that way, the medical term for that 
			is "crap"! 
What we know from those leukemia trials is that they wiped out the 
			patient’s bone marrow. There was nothing left! They gave him someone 
			else’s bone marrow. Six months later, the leukemia came back. Now, 
			if it was a leftover cell, then when you check that leukemia cell 
			you should find that it’s the same as the leukemia you treated 
			before the patient went into remission, true? It should be the same 
			cell come back. However, when they ran DNA checks, they found that 
			not only wasn’t it the same cell, but it belonged to the donor. It 
			was the donor’s bone marrow that had turned into leukemia cells!
				
This finding has been published in the conventional medical 
			literature, and it means that cancer the disease is not 
				cancer the 
			cell. There is something in the body of a patient which regenerates 
			and augments cancer, the cancer cell. And if you don’t address that, 
			then you won’t get rid of the disease.
So there I was, with all these little bottles, cooking up these 
			nemesis organisms and tagging them, but something kept showing up 
			over and over and over again which was driving me nuts. I would 
			incubate the cancer with another organism-say, an E. coli - and I’d 
			find other organisms growing when the cancer cells died, that I 
			hadn’t put in there. They would usually be staphylococcal or 
			streptococcal in appearance. Acid-fast bacilli sometimes would show 
			up, depending on what culture medium was used and for how long I 
			cultured them.
Now this is really interesting. What you notice is what some people 
			would call "pleomorphism" in progress. A couple of elements would 
			develop these elongated rodlike structures, and you could actually 
			see a coccal form changing into a rodlike form. Pleomorphism in 
			action.
I went to my colleagues and said: 
				
					
					"Look, why do I keep getting these 
			bugs? It’s a sterile cancer I’m putting into the bottle, for 
			goodness sake. I’m incubating with something completely different, 
			and these bugs keep showing up." 
				
				
				And they said: "Well, Sam, you know 
			what you’re like. You probably sneezed and contaminated the whole 
			lot!" Then I said: "It’s happened over and over and over again. So 
			it’s contamination?" "Yes, yes, absolutely."
A hundred years ago, everybody blamed this contamination as the 
			cause of cancer. I have the literature. There were thousands of 
			articles written on bacteria -bacterial and fungal organisms- being 
			the cause of cancer. But, as technology gets more and more advanced, 
			we have to reject what’s obvious; and when we reject what’s obvious, 
			the truth becomes very hard to find.
So how could I prove to these people that these organisms are 
			actually intricately involved in the cancer process or in the AIDS 
			process?
The first thing to do is to grow a bunch of them out of some cancer 
			cells, inject them into a few animals and see how many animals get 
			cancer-and a lot of them do. Because the bug does not kill the 
			animal, the animal develops cancer. In a strange way, it actually 
			appears that developing the cancer makes the animal live longer.
				
Now, let me warp your minds a little bit here. Believe me, what I’m 
			about to say to you is just a theory, and it has no bearing at all 
			on the efficacy of the therapy, but what if these bugs can’t entice 
			an immune response? They are contained in the middle of the cancer; 
			the body is not doing anything to fight them, and yet they’re not 
			spreading. 
				
				
				 
				
				What’s containing them? What if cancer isn’t really the 
			enemy? What if it’s the body’s last-chance attempt at getting these 
			bugs and localizing them in an area so they don’t spread and kill us 
			in a hurry? What if cancer is actually doing us a favor? Is that 
			why every time we fry a cancer lesion with radiotherapy and 
				chemotherapy, the whole thing then comes back and explodes all over 
			the place because we’re actually releasing the cause from its 
			entrapment? 
				
				
				 
				
				Just a theory!
This therapy at the very least can control the disease, and at best 
			can cause dramatic, rapid improvement. There are many cases of 
			cancer tumor reducing to half its size within a week or two.
For example, fig. 1a shows the mammogram of a breast cancer in a 
			65-year-old woman. After 10 days of treatment, the breast is normal 
			(fig. 1b). Fig. 2a shows a case of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in a 
			32-year-old woman. After two weeks of treatment, her lymphoma was 
			considerably reduced in size (fig. 2b). (Download 
				file)
It’s unheard of to be able to do that and not have significant 
			die-off or toxic effects-and yet they don’t exist with this 
			treatment. When you follow nature and follow the guidelines of what 
			happens in spontaneous remission, Induced Remission Therapy
				can 
			achieve cures with minimal side effects.
I didn’t choose the public forum to come here and speak to you 
			today. Please understand me: I would much rather be addressing 
			medical practitioners, peers, and getting this out not as an 
			alternative therapy but as a conventional therapy. I’ve spent 12 
			years trying to get my research published in the conventional 
			literature, and 12 years going from hospital to hospital and being 
			treated like something they’d stepped in.
In light of what I read in the paper today-somebody wrote an article 
			condemning this conference - it appears that the message being sent by 
			that person is that if the conventional medical establishment in all 
			its holiness doesn’t agree with a concept or a therapy, then the 
			public is just too stupid to be able to understand it fully and 
			evaluate it for themselves. 
				
				
				 
				
				The attitude is that the public is just 
			so dumb that they shouldn’t be given the opportunity. Well, my 
			apologies to the author, but the greatest fool I know is a blind 
			fool who’ll say opinions about things he hasn’t even bothered 
			experiencing or investigating himself.
In this "Kevorkian age", as I call it, where people champion the 
			concept of death with dignity when faced with suffering, pain and 
			disease, I’m offering a technology that can end suffering, pain and 
			disease; and I pray that the emphasis will shift now from trying to 
			support death with dignity to championing life with dignity.
 
				
				
				
				
				INDUCED REMISSION THERAPY: 1998 UPDATE
 
				After years of lectures, presentations to peers and public 
			appearances as well as numerous radio, television, newspaper and 
			magazine appearances, I find that conventional medicine still has 
			little awareness of the efficacy of my therapies-as evidenced, for 
			example, in the advances achieved using Induced Remission Therapy 
				(IRT) in AIDS remission (see 
			table 1).
Any doctor can make amazing claims, but independent, unbiased 
			testing is a credible way to determine the efficacy of a treatment. 
			It would not only document the effectiveness of my vaccines but 
			would also stir interest in any promising new therapy.
So I brought case studies of 
				AIDS patients I’d treated to Cedar 
			Sinai Medical Center for evaluation. Dr Shlomo Melmed was impressed 
			with the results, and at his suggestion I sent samples of my vaccine 
			to the AIDS and Immune Disorders Center’s Division of Infectious 
			Diseases for in vitro analysis. The clinical analysis performed by 
				Dr Eric Daar indicated that out of the 22 samples tested, 20 of them 
			showed 99% efficacy in neutralizing HIV-1.
This analysis was followed up with an independent evaluation by 
				University of Southern California clinical laboratories. This 
			involved the electron microscopy of blood samples taken by a control 
			group infected with HIV. This group yielded over 100 photos that 
			demonstrate the attack, death, disintegration and purge of the 
				HIV 
			virus. The PhD who conducted this test remarked that, 
				
				
					
					"the number of 
			intact viral particles has declined for each patient following 
			vaccine administration at a level approximating 50%".
				
				
				Examples of this progression from attack to purge are shown in 
			figures 3a to 3d. The first electron microscope photograph (fig. 3a) 
			shows the fragmenting cell full of HIV particles. 
				
				 
				
				The next photo 
			(fig. 3b) shows the cell three days later, with improved stability 
			and decreased viral particle count. The third photo (fig. 3c) was 
			taken six days after vaccine treatment and shows fewer viral 
			particles per cell. The final photo (fig. 3d), taken nine days after 
			therapy, shows no intracellular viral particles and the now-visible 
			cell nucleus. (Download 
				file)
This evidence from the cellular level demonstrates that 
				AIDS and 
			cancer can be attacked genetically without causing significant 
			damage to the healthy, fast-multiplying cells needed to maintain a 
			healthy life.
You’d think that the media, the medical community and others would 
			be alerted to the fantastic results of this treatment.
It’s hard to imagine that institutes entrusted with the public faith 
			and public funds to discover and research new therapies would delay 
			the application of life-saving technology and treatments. It was my 
			hope that knowledge of Induced Remission Therapy (IRT) would be disseminated and the 
				FDA would 
			allow the practice of this therapy upon the countless AIDS and 
			cancer victims who had little hope otherwise. But these doctors and 
			medical institutes denied having any affiliation with me. 
				
				 
				
				They 
			denied the impressive test data and even denied knowing me - until forced to declare otherwise before a judge in a civil legal action 
			in San Diego, CA (case no. 700406). It was their incomprehensible 
				behavior that led me to bring a lawsuit, if for no other reason 
			than to make these test results a record of the court, but I had to 
			pursue these medical organizations so as to have access to further 
			laboratory evidence.
We tend to worship our doctors as gods who will save us from 
			diseases. If these false gods let us down, is it not time to take 
			back responsibility for our lives and well-being? As the public 
			begins to learn of this promising healing technology, IRT, they 
			demand to know why it is being withheld.
I’ve always resented my work being associated under the catch-all 
			phrase "alternative medicine". My treatment involves an extremely 
			focused hybrid of what is considered "conventional medicine". 
			However, in my pursuit of any form of therapy that could augment or 
			even supersede my own findings, I’ve always been interested in 
			alternatives as opposed to conventional, toxic and often barbaric 
			treatments.
Although there is hope of finding other practitioners who have 
			medical information to offer, I have yet to find any breakthroughs 
			that would complement my own.
I’ve been appalled to find alternative health 
				organizations that 
			sell juice drinks, vitamin C shots and laetrile powders to desperate 
			patients-products costing hundreds and often thousands of dollars 
			yet only costing a few cents to make.
It was in this spirit that I made this offer:
				US$100,000 to any 
			"alternative" therapy that can prove 10 cases of full cancer 
			remission.
Additionally, I made this offer to the 
				skeptical world of 
			conventional medicine: US$100,000 to any reputable medical 
				organization that will test and publish the results of my AIDS and 
				cancer vaccines.
No one has yet come forward to make a claim on these offers.
				
With the realization that Induced Remission Therapy 
				(IRT) can offer favorable results now, and with the assistance of additional 
			resources, medical industry professionals who are truly dedicated to 
			curing disease, and have the ability to catalogue, store and culture autogenous vaccines on a large scale, could and would alter medical 
			treatment as recognized today. Historically, institutions are 
			resistant to change. Change comes slowly. So for any promising 
			therapy to be accepted into the mainstream of medical practice, this 
			would require a paradigm shift in medical science as we know it 
			today.
IRT deals with maladies at the genetic level. Indeed, it is the only 
			therapy now in application that concentrates on disease at this 
			level. The matrix of many diseases is at the genetic level, so many 
			types of illness can be treated with IRT.
Genetic correction is the only hope for achieving a cure in such 
			disease conditions as AIDS and cancer, and starkly contrasts the 
			available toxic and inferior modalities that attack disease 
			mechanisms and symptoms while leaving a damaged blueprint.
The best demonstration of this remarkable ability can be seen in the 
			cases where HIV virus is genetically removed from the cell nucleus. 
			Not only is the body purged of the disease, but it is able to repair 
			damage suffered during the course of the illness. This opens up a 
			new field of cellular regeneration never before possible. 
The capacity to reverse age - and disease - related 
				DNA damage opens a 
			new world of therapeutic opportunity and almost limitless 
			applications.