by Robertino Solàrion from Apollonius Website       History of the World - from 1588 to 3 BCE The Synchronized Chronologies of Roman and Related Histories - from 825 BCE to 1504 AC Chronological Historical Bibliography - Apollonius of Tyana and The Shroud of Turin - from 1501 to 2005 AC     Return to Solarion Return to Serpents & Dragons Return to Forces of The Universe                             HISTORY OF THE WORLD, from 1588 BCE by Rob Solarion Dallas, Texas, 3 August 2002   The explanatory treatise for these dates is in preparation and will be uploaded later. Items such as "Attack by Egypt on Judah, 12 Asa" mean that this attack occurred in the 12th year of Asa’s reign.   All such year-entries indicate cross-references within the sub-chronologies. The Egyptians and Assyrians counted the passage of years differently than the Israelites, a matter which will be discussed later.   When an entry has (= XXX), the name in parentheses is the "ghost correlation" name or "mirror" historical name of this Egyptian or Assyro-Babylonian ruler, as is discussed in the Ages In Chaos series by Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky, upon which this mathematical and chronological analysis is based. Much more explanation will eventually be provided here. This is such a complex subject, I am at a loss, to some extent, in deciding exactly how to present it.   Please feel free to send me email if you have questions about any of this. Throne data and other details of Cappadocian history are included in the Synchronized Chronology of Roman History. E   = Egypt G   = Greece R   = Rome I    = Israel J   = Judah A  = Assyria B  = Babylonia C  = Chaldea P  = Persia M  = Media L   = Lydia * denotes throne data, such as accession dates.   HISTORY OF THE WORLD, from 1588 BCE 1588 Commencement of the Arrival Sequence of Planet X Nibiru/Yggdrasill Eruption & Explosion of Volcanic Greek Isle Thera/Santorini 1587 E/I: Israelite Exodus from Egypt in March (First Passover) E: *Death of the Pharaoh in the Whirlpool at Pi-Khiroth C: *Ismi-Dagon 1586 I/A: Battle between the Israelites and "Amalekites" (Hyksos) in Northern Sinai E/A: *Conquest of Egypt by Hyksos (Hittite-Assyrians) & End of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom 1585 E: *Salatis (approximate) 1570 E: *Beon (approximate) 1547 I: *Death of Moses & Leadership of Joshua C: *Gurguna (approximate) 1536 Completion of the Arrival Sequence of Planet X Nibiru/Yggdrasill I: "The Day The Sun Stood Still" (Joshua 10:12-14, approximate) 1525 E: *Apachnas (approximate) C: *Chushan-Rishathaim (approximate) 1522 I: *Death of Joshua & Commencement of 8-Year Interregnum when Israel was ruled by Mesopotamian-Chaldean King Chushan-Rishathaim 1514 I: *Othniel & Commencement of the Period of the Judges 1500 I: *Eglon, King of Moab C: *Sagaraktiyas 1482 E: *Apopi I (approximate) I: *Ehud & Shamgar C: *Naram-Sin 1460 C: *Queen Bilatat (approximate) 1440 E: * Jonias (approximate) C: *Sin-Shaba (approximate) 1420 C: *Zur-Sin (approximate) 1402 E: *Assis (approximate) I: *Jabin, King of Canaan C: *Nur-Vul (approximate) 1380 I: *Barak & Deborah 1370 E: *Apopi II (approximate) C: *Rim-Sin (approximate) 1340 I: *Midianite Rule C: *Arabian Conquest of Chaldea & Era of Khammurabi 1333 I: *Gideon 1330 E: *Apopi III (approximate) 1300 E: *Banan (approximate) C: *Samsuiluna (approximate) 1293 I: *Abimelech 1290 I: *Tola 1267 E: *Abehenkhepes (approximate) I: *Jair C: *Ammidikaga (approximate) 1245 I: *Period of Philistine and Ammonite Oppression 1240 E: *Apopi IV (approximate) 1235 E: *Seqenenra I’s Theban Revolt against the Hyksos & Restoration of Egyptian Rule at Thebes (approximate) 1227 I: *Jephthah C: *Sinbarsikhu (approximate) 1221 E: *Seqenenra II (Thebes, approximate) I: *Ibzan 1214 I: *Elon 1204 E: *Seqenenra III (Thebes, approximate) I: *Abdon 1200 E: *Khenddel (Memphis, approximate) C: *Kharbisikhu (approximate) 1196 I: *Period of Philistine Oppression 1180 E: *Kames (Thebes, approximate) 1170 E: *Nubti (Memphis, approximate) C: *Ulam-Puriyas (approximate) 1156 I: *Samson 1146 I: Samson’s Betrayal by Delilah (approximate) 1140 E: *Queen Ahotep (Thebes, approximate) 1136 I: *Eli 1130 E: *Khian (Memphis, approximate) C: *Nazi-Urdas (approximate) 1110 E: *Ahmessepari (Thebes, approximate) 1100 E: *Apopi V/Agag (Memphis, approximate) A: *Commencement of the Assyrian Empire, Independent of Chaldea, under Sargon I of Akkad (= Tlabarnash) C: *Nilisikhu (approximate) 1096 I: *Samuel 1080 E: *Amasis/Ahmose I, The Great (Thebes, approximate) 1075 I: *Saul 1065 E: *End of Hyksos Rule in Avaris, Gaza & Conquest of All Egypt by Amasis I, The Great I: Saul’s Defeat of the "Amalekites" in Gaza, in Military Alliance with Egypt C: *Karakharbi (approximate) 1050 A: *Belsumilikapi (approximate) 1043 E: *Amenhotep I 1035 I: *David A: *Irba-Vul (approximate) C: *Tsibir-Deboras (approximate) 1025 A: *Ashurabi I/Ashurabumar/Enlil-Nirari II (= Anittas of Kussara), Conquest of Chaldea & Commencement of the Old Babylonian Dynasty B: *Shiriktu-Shukamuna/Burnaburiash I 1013 E: *Thutmose I (as sole ruler) 1000 E: *Thutmose I & Queen Makeda Saba Hatshepsut (co-regency) A: *Ashureshishi II/Ashurabi II (= Todkhalijas I) B: *Marbita-Pileser/Kashtiliash III M: *Parattarna (approximate) 995 I: *Solomon 983 E: *Queen Hatshepsut, Queen of Sheba, Nighisti Makeda Saba of Axum, Ethiopia (as sole ruler) 980 A: *Tiglath-Pileser II/Ashurnirari II (= Pusarrumas) B: *Nabomukinpal/Ulamburiash M: *Shutarna I (approximate) 975 E/I: Queen Hatshepsut’s Visit to Jerusalem/Punt, 20 Solomon 972 E: Completion of Deir El-Bahari 971 E: *Thutmose III (= Shishak of Old Testament) 965 B: *Ninurta-Kuduruzur III/Agum III 960 B: *Marbita-Ahheidin/Kadashmankharbi I M: *Saushattar I (approximate) 957 A: *Ashurdan II/Ashur-Belnishesu (= "Murshilis"?) 955 I: *Death of Solomon & Division of the Kingdom of Israel into Israel & Judah I: *Jeroboam I J: *Rehoboam 950 E/I: Attack by Egypt on Israel, 5 Rehoboam B: *Shamas-Mudammik/Kara-Indash 940? A/B: Treaty of Friendship between Assyria and Babylonia 938 J: *Abijah, 18 Jeroboam I A: *Adad-Nirari II/Ashur-Rimnisheshu (= "Hattushilis"?) 935 J: *Asa, 20 Jeroboam I 934 I: *Nadab, 2 Asa M: *Shattuara I (approximate) 932 E: *Amenhotep II (= Osorkon I, Old Testament Zerah, Menelik I of Ethiopia [son of Nighisti Saba & Solomon]) I: *Baasha, 3 Asa 924 E/I: Attack by Egypt on Judah, 12 Asa 920 B: *Naboshumukin/Kurigalzu I 918 A: *Tukulti-Ninurta II/Ashur-Nadinahi (= Labarnas) 916 E: *Thutmose IV (= Sheshonk IV) M: *Artatama I (approximate) 909 I: *Elah, 26 Asa 908 I: *Zimri & Omri, 27 Asa 905 E: *Amenhotep III, The Magnificent (= Tefnakhte) 903 A: *Ashurnasirpal II/Eriba-Adad I (= Zidantas II) 897 I: *Ahab, 38 Asa M: *Shutarna II (approximate) 895 B: *Nabopaladan/Kadashmanenlil I 894 J: *Jehoshaphat, 4 Ahab 878 A: *Shalmaneser III/Ashuruballit I (= Shuppiluliumas) A/B: Renewal of Friendship Treaty between Assyria and Babylonia M: *Tushratta (approximate, contemporary with Akhnaton) 872 B: *Marduk-Zakirshumi I/Burnaburiash II, 6 Shalmaneser III A/B: Renewal of Friendship Treaty between Assyria and Babylonia 870 E: *Amenhotep IV (= Akhnaton, Bocchoris-Anysis) B: *Coup d’Etat by Marduk-Belusate/Kudurenlil, 8 Shalmaneser III 869 J: *Jehoram, 28 Ahab A/B: Assyrian Invasion of Babylonia & End of Usurpation, 9 Shalmaneser III B: *Marduk-Zakirshumi I/Burnaburiash II (restored) 868 I: *Ahaziah, 2 Jehoram 866 I: *Jehoram, 4 Jehoram 865 E: Foundation of Akhetaton, City of the Sun A/B: Marriage of Ashuruballit I’s Daughter to Burnaburiash II 862 J: *Ahaziah, 5 Jehoram 861 I: * Jehu J: *Queen Athaliah 858 E: Banishment of Queen Nefertiti 855 J: *Joash, 7 Jehu A/M: *Assyrian Conquest of Media (approximate) 853 E: *Smenkhare (= Peshee) & Banishment and Exile of Akhnaton and Princess Beketaten 852 E: *Tutankhamen (= Takelothis) 848 E: War with Ethiopia 847 B: *Baba-Ahaiddina/Karakhardash II, 31 Shalmaneser III 845 E: *Ay (= Pamai) B: *Coup d’Etat by Ashurdanipal/Nazi-Bugash, 33 Shalmaneser III M: *End of Assyrian Occupation under Mattiwaza (approximate) 844 A/B: Assyrian Invasion of Babylonia & End of Usurpation B: *Marduk-Balassuiqbi/Kurigalzu II 843 A: *Shamshi-Adad V/Enlil-Nirari III (= Huzziyas II) 842 E: *Shabaka I (= Petasebast) 837 A/B: Assyrian Invasion & Conquest of Babylonia 833 I: *Jehoahaz, 23 Joash B: *Nabomukinzeri I/Shagaraktishuriash (in exile) 832 B: *Marduk-Belzeri/Enlil-Nadinshumi (in exile) 830 B: *Marduk-Baladan/Kadashmankharbi II (in exile) 829 A/B: *Empress Semiramis/Tuvannanas 825 A: Approximate Founding of the City of Tyana, Named for Empress Semiramis/Tuvannanas, in Cooperation with Cappadocian Hittite King Nimrod 824 A: *Adad-Nirari III/Arik-Denilu (= Telipinus) M: *Shattuara II (approximate) 818 I: *Jehoash, 37 Joash 816 J:Amaziah, 2 Jehoash 811 G: Birth of Atreus 810 B: *Restoration of the Babylonian Monarchy by Eriba-Marduk/Nazi-Maruttash 802 I: *Jeroboam II, 15 Amaziah M: *Wasashata (approximate) 800 A: *Shalmaneser IV/Adad-Nirari I (= Alluvamnas) and Approximate Founding of the Kingdom of Phrygia/Cappadocia by King Minos of Macedonia 792 E: *Kashta (= Osorkon III) 791 G: Birth of Agamemnon 790 G: Period of Orpheus and The Muses & Origin of the Orphic Music Mystery Cult by Apollo on Mount Olympus 786 J: *Uzziah, 17 Jeroboam II 782 G: Period of the Expedition of Jason and the Argonauts for the "Golden Fleece" (approximate) 780 B: *Naboshumishkun II/Kadashmanturgu M: *Saushattar II (approximate) 776 E: *Piankhi I (= Sheshonk III) 772 G: Marriage of Menelaus & Helen (approximate) 771 G: *Death of Atreus, Accession of Agamemnon & Abduction of Helen by Paris of Troy 770 G: Commencement of the Trojan War A: *Asshurdan III (= Hantilis II) 764 J: Vision of Amos 762 (June 15) Commencement of the Departure Sequence of Planet X Nibiru/Yggdrasill E: The Day That The Sun Devoured The Moon, 15 Sheshonk III I/J: The Great Earthquake, 25 Uzziah A/G: The Great Eclipse, 8 Asshurdan III 761 G: Period of Homer’s Iliad 760 I: *11-Year Interregum, 27 Uzziah G: End of the Trojan War 759 G: *Murder of Agamemnon 758 G: Period of Homer’s Odyssey 756 G: Commencement of the Greek Olympiads 752 R: *Founding of Rome by Romulus & Remus A: *Ashurnirari V (= Arnuvantas I) 749 I: *Shallum & Menahem, 38 Uzziah M: *Artatama II (approximate) 747 B: *New Era of Nabonassar/Nebuchadnezzar I/Kadashmanenlil II G: *Accession of Orestes I 744 A: *Tiglath-Pileser III/Pul (= Todkhalijas II) 740 I/A: War between Israel & Assyria, 9 Menahem, 4 Tiglath-Pileser III 737 I: *Pekahiah, 50 Uzziah 735 I: *Pekah, 52 Uzziah 734 J: *Jotham, 2 Pekah 733 B: *Nabonadinzeri 730 A: Assyrian Conquest of Media, Palestine & Arabia 729 A: Battle of the Two Sipparas with Babylonia B: Temporary Conquest by Assyria 725 E: *Piankhi II, The Great (= Sheshonk I, So) 724 B: *Restoration of Independence by Nabushumukin 719 J/A: *Ahaz, 17 Pekah & Conflict with Assyria, 25 Tiglath-Pileser III 718 A: *Shalmaneser V/Ululai (= Arnuvantas II) 717 A/B: Temporary Reconquest of Babylonia by Assyria 714 I: *8-9 Year Interregum, 4 Ahaz A: *Sargon II (= Hattushilis I) 713 A/B: Assyro-Babylonian War 712 E/A: Battle of Raphia between Egypt and Assyria, 2 Sargon II, 14 Piankhi II 710 G/R: Period of Pythagoras of Samos in Crotona, Italy & His Theory of "The Counter Earth" 708 A/M: First Revolt of the Medes against Assyrian Occupation 707 I: *Hoshea, 12 Ahaz 706 R: Visit by Pythagoras to Ancient Rivarta in India? (approximate?) 705 E: Famous 21st Year of Conquest by Piankhi II/Sheshonk I 704 J: *Hezekiah, 3 Hoshea 703 E: *Shabaka II (= Tekeleth I, Sethos) A: More War with Egypt 702 A/B: Conquest of Babylonia by Assyria 701 I/A: Assyrian Siege of Samaria, 4 Hezekiah, 1 Sargon II (as King of Babylonia) 699 I/A: Conquest of Israel by Assyria, 9 Hoshea & 6 Hezekiah 695 A: *Sennacherib/Candaules (= Murshilis I/Myrsilus) B: Independence Rebellion against Assyria L: *Founding of the Kingdom of Lydia by Gyges 694 B: *Marduk-Zakirshumi II & Marduk-Baladan II (restored) 693 B: *Belipni 691 J/A: Attack by Assyria on Jerusalem, 14 Hezekiah, 4 Sennacherib B: *Ashur-Nadinshumi 690 E/A: Battle of Altaku, 5 Sennacherib, 14 Shabaka 689 E: *Shabataka (= Osorkon II) 688 J: Vision of Isaiah B: *Marduk-Baladan II (restored again), 7 Sennacherib 687 Completion of the Departure Sequence of Planet X Nibiru/Yggdrasill E/I/A: Destruction by Cosmic Forces of the Assyrian Army at Pelusium, Egypt 18 Hezekiah, 8 Sennacherib, 2 Osorkon II 686 J/B: Visit to Jerusalem by Babylonian Diplomats Dispatched by Marduk-Baladan II B: *Nerglishezib M: *Deioces & Independence from Assryia G: End of the Homeric Period 685 B: *Mushezib-Marduk A: Conquest of Babylonia, 10 Sennacherib 679 E: *Tirhakah (= Sheshonk II, Horemhab-Harmais), Following the Murder of Shabataka A: *Esarhaddon (= Todkhalijas III), Following the Murder of Sennacherib/Candaules/Murshilis I 675 J: *Manasseh 671 E: *Ramses I (= Necho I) & Flight of Tirhakah to Ethiopia A: Assyrian Conquest of Egypt, 8 Esarhaddon, 8 Tirhakah 670 E: Civil War 669 E/A: *Egyptian Independence Restored under Tirhakah, After Flight of Ramses I/Necho I to Assyria, but Renewed Egyptian Civil War 667 E/A: *Ramses I (restored), Following New Attack by Assyria 666 E: *Tirhakah (restored), Following His Murder of Ramses I A: *Ashurbanipal (= Shupiluliumas I) B: *Shamash-Shumukin/ (= Hattushilis II) 662 E/A: Assyrian Attack on Egypt, 4 Asshurbanipal, 18 Tirhakah 659 E: *Seti I, The Great (= Psammetichus I, only at Sais) 658 E/L: Egyptian-Lydian Military Alliance, 2 Seti I G: Founding of Byzantium by Byzas 656 E/A: Egyptian Attack on Assyria at Kadesh-Carchemish, 4 Seti I 655 M: *Phraortes 653 E: *Tanutamen (= Takeleth II, only at Thebes) & Death of Tirhakah at Thebes 652 E/A: Assyrian Attack on Egypt, 8 Seti I, 2 Tanutamen 651 E: *Conquest of Thebes by Seti I E/A: Assyria Defeated by Egypt, 9 Seti I A/L: Assyrian War with Lydia, 15 Ashurbanipal 646 B: *Kandalanu (= Hantilis I) L: *Ardys (approximate) 636 E: *Co-Regency of Seti I & Ramses II, The Great (= Necho II) 632 M: *Cyaxares, 34 Ashurbanipal 630 A: Assyrian War with Media, 2 Cyaxares M: *18-Year "Scythian" Interregnum in Media 628 P: Birth of Zoroaster 624 A: *Ashur-Etelilani (= Arnuvantas III) 622 B: *Nabopolassar (= Murshilis II) 621 J: *Amon 619 J: *Josiah 618 A: *Sinsharishkun (= Zidantas I) 612 M: *Restoration of Median Independence under Cyaxares 611 B/M: Babylonia-Media Military Alliance 608 E/B: Commencement of 23-Year War Between Egypt and Babylonia A/B/M: Destruction of Ninevah by Babylonia and Media A: *Ashuruballit II (= Ammunas), at Harran (in exile) L: *Sadyattes 605 E: *Ramses II (as sole ruler) 604 E/A: Military Alliance between Egypt and Assyria against Babylonia B: Babylonian Defeat of Egypt and Assyria A: *End of the Assyrian Empire, 16 Josiah, 2 Ramses II 602 B: *Nergilissar I (= Muwattalis) 601 E/B: First Battle of Kadesh-Carchemish, 19 Josiah, 5 Ramses II 600? P: *Cyrus I 598 E/J: Egyptian Capture of Ashkelon 596 L: *Alyattes 590 B: *Labash-Marduk (= Urkhi-Teshub) M/L: Start of the 6-Year Median-Lydian War 588 E/J: *Egyptian Invasion of Judah, Death of Josiah & Accession of Jehoahaz, 18 Ramses II 587 J: *Jehoiakim 585 E/A: Second Battle of Kadesh-Carchemish & Egyptian-Babylonian Peace Treaty, 3 Jehoiakim L/M: Lydian-Median Peace Treaty 584 B: *Nebuchadnezzar II, The Great (= Hattushilis III), 4 Jehoiakim M/L: End of the 6-Year Median-Lydian War & Eclipse of Thales on May 28 582 M: *Astyages 576 J: *Jehoiachin & His Imprisonment by Babylonia, then Zedekiah 575 P: *Cambyses I 572 E/B: State Visit to Egypt by Nebuchadnessar II/Hattushilis III, 34 Ramses II J: Vision of Ezekiel, 5 Jehoiachin’s Exile 570 E: *Seti II (= Psammetichus II) & Queen Tuosri 568 E: *Merneptah I (= Hophra-Apries) 567 J: Military Assistance from Egypt, 9-10 Zedekiah, 2 Merneptah I 566 J/B: Conquest of Judah by Babylonia, 11 Zedekiah, 19 Nebuchadnezzar II 564 E: First War with Libya, 5 Merneptah I 561 E/J: Peak of Hebrew Refugee Flights to Egypt 560 E/B: Renewed Warfare between Egypt and Babylonia & Start of Siege of Tyre by Nebuchadnezar II 551 P: Death of Zoroaster 548 E: Second War with Libya, 21 Merneptah II 547 E/B: *Amasis (= Amenmeses), Following the Mob-Killing of Merneptah II, Conquest of Egypt by Babylonia & End of Siege of Tyre, 37 Nebuchadnezzar II 541 B: *Evil-Merodach (= Todkhalijas IV) 540 J: Jehoiachin’s Release from Babylonian Prison after 36 Years 539 L: *Croesus 538 P/M: Persian Conquest of Media, Battlefield Death of Cambyses I P: *Cyrus II, The Great J/P: Edict of Cyrus II Regarding Jerusalem B: *Nergilissar II (= Huzziyas I) 535 B: *Nabonidus (= Arnuvantas IV) & Belshazzar (= Suppiluliumas II) 525 P/L: *Conquest of Lydia by Persia, 13 Cyrus II 519 B/P: *Conquest of Babylonia by Persia, 19 Cyrus II 515 R: Acquisition of the Sibylline Oracles by King Tarquinius Superbus 510 R: *Death of Tarquinius Superbus 509 R: *Founding of the Roman Republic P: *Cambyses II 505 E: *Merneptah II (= Siptah, Psammetichus III) 504 E: *Conquest by Persia, 5 Cambyses II 502 P: *The Magi & Pseudo-Smerdis, Followed by Darius I 500 G: Period of Astronomer Heracleitus (10,800-Year Cosmic Cycle) 496 J/P: Restoration of the Temple at Jerusalem, 6 Darius I 470? P/G: Battle of Marathon between Persia and Greece 466 P: *Xerxes I 461 P/G: Battles of Thermopylae, Salamis and the Eurymedon 460 P: *Artaxerxes I 455 E: Revolt of Inaros (= Ramses IX) 450 G: Period of Historian and Traveller Herodotus 449 E: End of the Six-Year Egyptian War & Execution of Inaros P/G: Battle of Cyprus & Peace of Callias 444? E: Revolt of Amyrtaeus I (= Ramses "VIII") 425 P: *Xerxes II & Sogdianus 424 P: *Darius II 404 E: *Restoration of Egyptian Independence, Under Amyrtaeus II (= Ramses "XI") P: *Artaxerxes II 400 G: Period of Plato 398 E: *Nepherites I (= Setnakhte) 392 E: *Psammuthis (= Ramses "V") 391 E: *Achoris (= Ramses "X") 380 E: *Nepherites II (= Ramses "VII") 379 E: *Ramses III (= Nectanebo I) 372 E: First Invasion of the Sea People, 8 Ramses III 368 E: Second Invasion of the Sea People, 12 Ramses III 360 E: *Tachos (= Ramses IV) 358 P: *Artaxerxes III 356 G: Birth of Alexander, The Great, in Macedonia 355 E: *Nectanebo II (= Ramses VI) 340 E: *Reconquest by Persia, 19th Year Artaxerxes III 338 P: *Artaxerxes IV 336 P: *Darius III 332 E/I/G: *Conquest of Egypt, Palestine and Seleucia-Syria by Alexander III, The Great, of Macedonia 331 E: Founding of Alexandria P/G: *Conquest of Persia by Alexander III 326 R: *Introduction of the Proconsulate 322 E/G: *Death of Alexander III & Accession of Philippus III/Aridaeus 319 E: *Accession of the Ptolemaic Dynasty under Ptolemy I/Soter I & Queen Berenice I 316 G/I: *Olympias 315 G/I: *Cassander 312 E/G: Restoration of Independence in Seleucia and Syria & Commencement of the Greek Seleucid Calendar G: *Seleucus I/Nicator I in Seleucia and Syria 311 R: First Election of the Naval Duumvirate 305 E/I: *Commencement of Egyptian-Ptolemaic Rule in Palestine 296 G: *Philippus IV in Macedonia 294 G: *Demetrius I/Poliorcetes in Macedonia 287 G: *Pyrrhus in Macedonia 286 G: *Lysimachus & Others in Macedonia 285 E/I: *Ptolemy II/Philadelphus & Queen Arsinoe I 283 G: *Antigonus I/Gonatus in Macedonia 280 G: *Antiochus I/Soter I in Seleucia 272 P: Legendary Birth-Year of the Persian Sun-God Mithras on December 25 264 R: Commencement of the First Punic War 261 G: *Antiochus II/Theos in Seleucia 250 G/P: *Restoration of Persian/Parthian Independence from Greece by Persian King Arsaces I 248 P. *Arsaces II/Tiridates 247 E/I: *Ptolemy III/Evergetes I & Queen Berenice II 246 G: *Seleucus II/Callinicus in Seleucia 230 G: Period of Mathematician Apollonius Pergaeus 226 G: *Seleucus III/Ceraunus in Seleucia 225 R: War with Gaul/France 223 G: *Antiochus III, The Great, in Seleucia 222 E/I: *Ptolemy IV/Philopator & Queen Arsinoe II 218 R: Commencement of the Second Punic War 211 P: *Arsaces III/Artabanus I 208 P: Legendary Death-Year of Sun-God Mithras 205 E: *Ptolemy V/Epiphanes & Queen Cleopatra I I: *Conquest of Palestine by Syrian-Seleucid King Antiochus III, The Great 200 G: Period of the Poet Apollonius Rhodius, Author of the Homeric Argonautica 191 R: War with Antiochus III, The Great, Ruler of Syria and Palestine 190 P: *Arsaces IV/Priapatus 186 R: Suppression of the Bacchic Mysteries at Rome 181 E: *Ptolemy VI/Philometor I/Eupator & Queen Cleopatra II 175 P: *Arsaces V/Phraetes I 171 R/G: Commencement of the Roman War with Perseus of Macedonia 168 R/G: End of the War with Perseus 167 I: Revolt of the Maccabees in Palestine 166 I: *Restoration of Independence in Palestine by Judas Maccabaeus 161 I: *Jonathan 150 P: *Arsaces VI/Mithridates I 149 R: Commencement of the Third Punic War 146 E: *Ptolemy VII/Evergetes II/Physcon & Queen Cleopatra III R/G: End of the Punic Wars, Conquest of Carthage & Annexation of Greece to Rome 142 I: *Simon 138 R: Birth of L. Cornelius Sulla Felix 135 I: *John Hyrcanus I 130 P: *Arsaces VII/Phraetes II 127 P: *Arsaces VIII/Artabanus II 120 P: *Arsaces IX/Mithridates II 119 G: Birth of King Mithradates of Pontus, Later to Introduce Mithraism into Ionia 117 E: *Ptolemy VIII/Soter II/Philometor II/Lathyrus 107 E: *Ptolemy IX/Alexander I & Queen Cleopatra IV I: *Aristobulus I 106 I: *Alexander Jannaeus 105 R: First Official Gladiatorial Contest 100 R: Birth of Gaius Julius Caesar I: Era of Rabbi Jehoshua Ben Pandira in Jerusalem 89 E: *Ptolemy VIII (restored) 82 R: *Dictatorship of Sulla, Burning of the Capitoline & Destruction of the Original Sibylline Oracles 81 E: *Ptolemy X/Alexander II & Queen Cleopatra V 80 E: *Ptolemy XI/Dionysus I/Auletes & Queen Berenice III 78 R: *Death of Sulla & Era of Pompey I: *Queen Alexandra, Wife of Alexander Jannaeus P: *Arsaces X/Mnascires 77 P: *Arsaces XI/Sanatroces 71 R: Revolt of Spartacus 70 P: *Arsaces XII/Phraetes III 69 I: *Aristobulus II 67 R: Pompey’s Victorious Campaign Against the Mithraic Cilician Pirates, Now Spreading Zoroastrian Mithraism to Rome by Means of Mithraic Imperial Roman Soldiers 66 P: *Arsaces XIII/Mithridates III 64 R: Roman Conquest of Seleucia & Syria 63 I: *John Hyrcanus II 60 G: Death of Mithradates VI of Pontus R: *Formation of the First Triumvirate: Caesar, Pompeius & Crassus 58 R: Caesar’s Invasion of Gaul/France 55 R: Caesar’s Invasion of Caledonia/Britain 54 P: *Arsaces XIV/Orodes I 52 R: Annexation of Gaul/France to Rome by Julius Caesar 51 E: *Queen Cleopatra VI, The Great & Ptolemy "XII"/Dionysus II 48 E/R: Visit of Julius Caesar to Egypt & First "Accidental" Destruction of the Library at Alexandria by Roman Soldiers 47 E: *Queen Cleopatra VI, The Great & Ptolemy "XIII" 46 E/R: Adoption of the Egyptian Solar Calendar by Julius Caesar R: *Dictatorship of Julius Caesar 44 R: *Assassination of Julius Caesar (Ides of March) 43 R: Formation of the Second Triumvirate of Octavianus, Antonius and Lepidus E: *Queen Cleopatra VI, The Great & Ptolemy "XIV"/Caesarion 40 I: *End of the Maccabaean Line P: *Parthian Conquest of Palestine 39 I/P: *Arsaces XV/Phraetes IV 38 R/P: War between Rome and Parthia 37 R/E: Commencement of the Love Affair Between Marcus Antonius of Rome & Queen Cleopatra VI of Egypt R/I: Roman Conquest of Palestine from Parthia & Establishment of the Dynasty of Herod, The Great 31 E/R: War between Rome & Egypt 30 E/R: Anthony & Cleopatra Double Suicide & Annexation of Egypt to Rome R: Commencement of the Roman Empire under Octavianus Augustus Caesar 3 R: Birth of Apollonius Apollonius Menodotus in Tyana, Cappadocia/Assyria/Hatti   Go Back   The Synchronized Chronologies of Roman and Related Histories by Robertino Solàrion Dallas, Texas 20-04-2002 Update : 22 September 2004 In the following chronological synchronization, the initial years are counted backwards as BCE, or Before Common Era, using standard accepted astronomical calculations, i.e., including a Year 0 between the old era and the current one, bumping, for example, the "traditional" date for the Founding of Rome forwards one year from 753 to 752 BCE.   After the Year 0, dates are considered AD, or CE, that is, Common Era. Put another way, Christian 1 BC is followed immediately by Christian 1 AD, without the inclusion of a Year 0. Scientists consider 1 AD to be +1, 1 BC as 0, and 2 BC as -1.   Thus here, 1 BCE would be equivalent to Christian 2 BC, and so on. Consequently, there could be some BCE dates amongst the following items that are, accordingly, out-of-synch by one year. This backward and awkward method for determining historical chronology cries out for scientific improvement, but I digress. Many of these dates can be verified by various information found elsewhere in this manuscript; however, there are included other dates which are not discussed at present but were placed here solely "for the record". See also the 2002 treatise L’Essai Illimité by Nicolas Verger of Bordeaux, France -- and to whom I express my gratitude for his collaboration in assembling this chronology. No attempt has been made here to cite the source for each and every date, but you may rest assured that I have striven as diligently as I could to achieve chronological accuracy. These dates were assembled from a myriad of historical books and documents. Some of them refer to the "period" or "era" of a certain writer or sect, and these dates are not always noted as being "approximate", as are certain others.   However, I must say that quite a large portion of this information was obtained from the brilliantly scholarly series of Antiquarian Dictionaries that were published in London and Boston in the 19th Century by Professor William Smith and his European colleagues.   By the "Hand of Fate" presumably, I was fortunate to inherit this series of ten dictionaries from my Great-Uncle Dr. Whitfield Leggett Russell, who died in 1960.   These dictionaries by Professor Smith cover all aspects of the history of the Greco-Roman World. Here, a lot of my information was obtained from A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (3 Volumes) and A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (2 Volumes).   To be honest, I could never have completed this Apollonius research and my companion Cosmic Tree research without these priceless dictionaries, and my intellectual Uncle Whit’s copies are actual first editions that were printed in London about 130 years ago but are still in remarkably pristine condition.   To my knowledge, they are no longer available for use by the general public; certainly they are not for sale anywhere today, nor available in unrestricted areas of such libraries as that of Congress in Washington, D.C. Thank you, Uncle Whit! My recent book (February 2004), PLANET X NIBIRU - SLOW-MOTION DOOMSDAY, is dedicated to Uncle Whit. Suffice it to say that if any doubting reader wishes to obtain a source for a date or dispute a particular date’s accuracy, please feel free to contact me about it, although I feel certain that any Search Engine like Google can bring up documents relating to most items of the chronology listed here.   Also, if anyone notices any minor errors in the information, please advise me by email. Thanks.   This current treatise is the culmination of four years of work; and although it may be expanded or refined somewhat in the future, for all practical purposes it is finished. But it sometimes seems difficult for me personally to arrive at a final conclusion of this research, because, as my French colleague Nicolas Verger has noted, this is an "Unlimited Essay", the end of which may never be truly understood within our own lifetimes. The Trojan War and several of the earliest dates prior to the time of Alexander III, The Great (such as the placement of the Egyptian Rameside Dynasties), have been chronicled according to the ideas of Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky in Ages in Chaos; but it is purely my own conjecture that the traditional placement of Pythagoras in the 500s is wrong and that he should, in fact, be pushed back in time by 200 years.   There is no real "proof" for the actual time of Pythagoras, who was born and lived in Crotona, Italy.   Lucius of Etruria asserted that Pythagoras indeed was an Etruscan, implying that Pythagoras lived around the time of the Founding of Rome; and Pythagoras actually wrote what can only be interpreted as an "eyewitness account" of what he called "The Counter Earth" (that is, "The Cosmic Tree"). The Life of Apollonius of Tyana and Lives of the Sophists by Flavius Philostratus have both been published in English and Greek by Harvard University’s Loeb Classical Library. Lives of the Sophists was published in the same volume with Lives of the Philosophers and Sophists by Eunapius. See the following chronology for additional details. Here is a quote from the Harvard preface to Lives of the Sophists by Philostratus: "Philostratus has preserved the renown of a number of these improvisators [sophists/rhetoricians] who, but for him, would have perished as completely as have the actors and dancers of those centuries. More than half the sophists described by him are ignored even by Suidas.   Yet they were names to conjure with in the schools of rhetoric all throughout the Roman world, until the Christian Fathers and the rhetoric of the pulpit took the place of the declaimers [sophists/rhetoricians]. Christianity was fatal to Sophistic, which seems to wither like a Garden of Adonis, never deeply rooted in the lives of the common people.   But sophists for centuries had educated Christians and pagans alike, and it was from their hands, unintelligent and sterile as they often were in their devotion to Hellenic culture, that the Church received, though without acknowledgement, the learning of which she boasted, and which she in her turn preserved for us." And here is a quote from Eunapius himself, written about 150 years after Philostratus:   THE WRITERS WHO HAVE COMPILED A HISTORY OF THE PHILOSOPHERS   "Porphyry and Sotion compiled a history of philosophy and the LIVES of the philosophers. But Porphyry, as it happened, ended with Plato and his times, while Sotion, though he lived before Porphyry, carried on his narrative, as we see, to later times also.   But the crop of philosophers and sophists who came between Sotion and Porphyry was not described as their importance and many-sidedness deserved: and therefore [Flavius] Philostratus of Lemnios in a superficial and agreeable style spat forth the LIVES of the philosophers no one has recorded accurately.   Among these latter were Ammonius of Egypt, who was the teacher of the divine Plutarch, and Plutarch himself, the charm and lyre of all philosophy; Euphrates of Egypt and Dion of Bithynia, whom men surnamed the golden-tongued; and Apollonius of Tyana, who was not merely a philosopher but a demigod, half-god, half-man. "For he [Apollonius] was a follower of the Pythagorean doctrine, and he did much to publish that philosophy. But Philostratus of Lemnios wrote a full account of Apollonius, and titled his book THE LIFE OF APOLLONIUS, though he ought to have called it THE VISIT OF GOD TO MANKIND.   Carneades also lived about this time, a celebrated figure among the Cynics, if indeed we ought to take any account of the Cynic school, among whom were Musonius, Demetrius, and Menippus, and several others also; but these were the more celebrated. "Clear and accurate accounts of the lives of these men it was impossible to discover, since, so far as I know, no one has written them. But their own writings were and still are sufficient records of their lives, filled as they are with such erudition and thorough research in the field of ethics and also that research which aspires to investigate the nature of things and disperses like a mist the ignorance of such as are able to follow. "Thus, for example, the inspired Plutarch records in statements scattered here and there in his books, both his own life and that of his teacher; and he says that Ammonius died at Athens. But he does not title these records a LIFE, though he might well have done so, since his most successful work is that which is titled THE PARALLEL LIVES of men most celebrated for their deeds and achievements. "But his own life and that of his teacher he scattered piecemeal through every one of his books; so that if one should keep a sharp look-out for these references and track them as they occur and appear, and read them intelligently one after another, one would know most of the events of their lives.   Lucian of Samosata, who usually took serious pains to raise a laugh, wrote a life of Demonax, a philosopher of his own time, and in that book and a very few others was wholly serious throughout." For the chronology of publications after 1501 CE, you are referred to my companion treatise titled "Apollonius Chronological Historical Bibliography", which pursues this saga of writing and publication through time to our current year of 2002 CE, only 10 short years away from the Mayan End-Time Date.   Founding of the City of Tyana 825 Era of Assyrian Empress Semiramis Tuvannanas, Co-Founder & Possible Namesake of Hittite Tyana, Founded in Cooperation with Hittite-Cappadocian King Nimrod 800 Founding of Phrygia (Including Cappadocia) by King Minos of Macedonia 790 Period of Orpheus and the Muses in Greece & Origin of the Orphic Music Mystery Cult by Apollo on Mount Olympus 780 Period of the Expedition of Jason and the Argonauts for "The Golden Fleece" 770 Commencement of The Trojan War 762 The "Great Earthquake" and "Great Eclipse" on June 15 & End of The Golden Age of Yggdrasill/Olympus as "The Cosmic Tree" 761 Period of Homer’s Iliad 760 End of The Trojan War 758 Period of Homer’s Odyssey 756 Commencement of the Greek Olympiads 752 Founding of Rome by Romulus and Remus 747 New Era of Nabonassar in Babylon 720 Period of War and Turmoil in Egypt 710 Founding of Crotona, Calabria, Italy & Reconstructed Period of Pythagoras in Crotona & Pythagoras’ Theory of "The Counter Earth" (approximate date) 708 Birth of the Kingdom of Media 705 Visit by Pythagoras to Ancient Ryvarta in India? (approximate date?) 695 Founding of the Kingdom of Lydia by Gyges 687 Final Departure of Planet X Nibiru, the Pythagorean "Counter Earth" & Destruction by Accompanying "Cosmic Forces" of the Assyrian Army of King Sennacherib at Pelusium, Sinai, Egypt 679 Accession of Esarhaddon in Assyria & Official Start of the Mayan Calendar in America (End-Time Date of 2012 CE) 671 Commencement of the Ramsside Dynasties in Egypt 660 Founding of the Japanese "Heavenly Throne" by Emperor Jimmu Tenno & Commencement of the Japanese Calendar 658 Founding of Greek Byzantium by Byzas 628 Birth of Zoroaster in Persia 551 Death of Zoroaster in Persia 515 Approximate Date of Acquisition of the Sibylline Oracles by Tarquinius Superbus, King of Rome 510 Banishment of Tarquinius Superbus 509 Founding of the Roman Republic 502 Assassination of the Pseudo-Smerdis in Persia & Founding of the New Persian Cappadocian Dynasty 500 Era of Buddha in India, Confucius in China & Astronomer Heracleitus in Greece 450 Era of Herodotus, "The Father of History", in Greece 400 Era of Plato in Greece, Author of Timaeus & Critias, Including Mention of Atlantis 380 Approximate Accession of Satrap Ariamnes I in Cappadocia 356 Birth of Alexander III, The Great, in Macedonia 340 Approximate Accession of Satrap Ariarathes I in Cappadocia 333 Alexander’s Conquest of Tyana, Cappadocia 331 Founding of Alexandria, Egypt, by Alexander 327 Visit by Alexander to Taxila, India & "The Emerald Tablet" Acquired by Alexander 323 Death of Alexander III, The Great, in Egypt 322 Death of Aristotle in Greece & Accession of Satrap Ariarathes II in Cappadocia 312 Commencement of the Greek Seleucid Calendar 310 Approximate Expulsion of the Macedonians from Cappadocia by Ariarathes II 300 Approximate Founding of Burdigala/Bordeaux, Gaul/France by the Celtic Bituriges-Vivisci Tribe ("Kings of the World") 290 Approximate Accession of Ariamnes II in Cappadocia 272 Legendary Birth Year of the Persian God Mithras on December 25 250 Approximate Accession of Satrap Ariarathes III in Cappadocia 230 Period of Mathematician Apollonius Pergaeus 208 Legendary Death Year of Mithras 205 Approximate Accession of Satrap Ariarathes IV in Cappadocia 200 Period of Poet Apollonius Rhodius, Author of the Homeric Argonautica 186 Suppression of the Bacchic Mysteries in Rome 162 Accession of Satrap Ariarathes V in Cappadocia 125 Approximate Accession of Satrap Ariarathes IV in Cappadocia 120 Birth of King Mithradates VI of Pontus, Later to Introduce Mithraism to Ionia 105 First Official Roman Gladiatorial Contest 100 Birth of Julius Caesar & Era of Rabbi Jehoshua Ben Pandira in Palestine 93 End of the Persian Dynasty in Cappadocia & Commencement of the Roman Cappadocian Dynasty of Ariobarzanes I, Philoromaeus (deposed and restored twice) 82 Dictatorship of Sulla in Rome, Burning of the Capitoline & Destruction of the Original Sibylline Oracles 78 Death of Sulla & Era of Pompey in Rome 71 Revolt of Spartacus 67 Pompey’s Victorious Campaign Against the Mithraic Cilician Pirates, Now Spreading Zoroastrian Mithraism to Rome by Means of Mithraic Imperial Roman Soldiers 64 Roman Conquest of Seleucia and Syria 63 Accessions of King John Hyrcanus II in Palestine & Ariobarzanes II in Cappadocia 60 Formation of the First Roman Triumvirate of Caesar, Crassus and Pompeius & Death of Mithradates VI, King of Pontus 59 Prohibition Against the Worship of Isis in Rome 58 Commencement of Julius Caesar’s Campaigns in Gaul/France 57 Approximate Birth of Menodotus Menodotus III, Grandfather of Apollonius of Tyana, Also Known As Literary Physician "Apollonius Antiochenus Empiricus", Perhaps Also Known As "Apollonius Mus Heraphileius", "Apollonius Ophis Pergamenus Ther" or "Apollonius Citiensis" 55 Julius Caesar’s Invasion of Caledonia/Britain 54 Accession of Arsaces XIV/Orodes I in Parthia 52 Roman Annexation of Gaul/France 51 Accessions of Queen Cleopatra, The Great, in Egypt & Ariobarzanes III in Cappadocia 48 Visit of Julius Caesar to Egypt & First Destruction of the Library at Alexandria 46 Adoption of the Egyptian Calendar by Julius Caesar 45 Dictatorship of Julius Caesar 44 Period of Megarian Philosopher Apollonius Chronos of Caria, Teacher of Roman Historian Diodorus Siculus 43 Assassination of Julius Caesar on the Ides of March & Founding of Lugdunum/Lyon in Gaul/France 42 Birth of Tiberius Caesar in Rome & Accession of Persian-lackey Satrap Ariarathes VII in Cappadocia 40 End of the Maccabean Line & Parthian Conquest of Palestine 39 Accession of Arsaces XV/Phraetes IV in Parthia 38 War Between Parthia and Rome 37 Roman Conquest of Palestine from Parthia & Appointment of Herod, The Great, as King 36 Accession of Archelaus, Last King of Cappadocia, Appointed King by Marcus Antonius 33 Lovers’ Rendezvous of Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra at Gytheion, Greece, Near Sparta and the Gates of Hades (approximate date) 32 Approximate Birth of Apollonius Menodotus, Father of Apollonius of Tyana, Also Known As Literary Physician "Apollonius Antiochenus Senior" 31 Octavian’s Defeat of Marcus Antonius at Actium 30 Marcus Antonius’ and Cleopatra’s Double Suicide & Annexation of Egypt by Rome 27 Octavian Augustus Proclaimed Emperor & Start of "Pax Romana" for 200 Years 24 Unsuccessful Roman Attempt to Establish Trades Routes to the East via Arabia 20 Visit of Roman Historian Diodorus Siculus to Egypt & Parts of Cilicia Annexed to Cappadocia 10 Birth of Claudius Caesar 8 Implementation by Augustus Caesar of the Egyptian Julian Calendar, Introducing Leap-Year Intercalary Modifications 6 Birth of Hestiaeus Apollonius Menodotus, Brother of Apollonius of Tyana 5 Approximate Commencement of the Writing of Biblioteke Istorike by Diodorus Siculus, Including Mention of Atlantis Birth of Apollonius Tyanaeus 3 Births of Apollonius Apollonius Menodotus in Tyana, Cappadocia & John The Baptist, Son of Zacharias and Elizabeth, in Hebron, Palestine & Jesus Barabbas of Nazareth, Son of "Father Superior" Joseph and "Virgin" Mary in Bethlehem 2 Death of Herod, The Great & Accession of Archelaus Herod in Palestine 1 Approximate Birth of Damis ("Saint Jude Didymus Thomas") in Ninevah, Assyria 0 Retrograde Beginning of the Christian "Anno Domini" Calendar of Pope Leo I, Associate and Friend of Apollinaris Sidonius Around 460 CE, Revived and Promulgated by Friar Denys le Petit in 526 CE 1 Approximate Birth of "Apollonius Archibius" in Alexandria 2 Approximate Births of Saul/Paul in Tarsus & Simon Magus in Gytheion 6 Accession of Herod Antipas in Palestine 9 Birth of Vespasian in Italy 11 Apollonius’ Studying in Tarsus & First Possible Meeting with Paul 12 Apollonius’ Studying Pythagorean Philosophy in Aegae & Birth of Gaius Caligula Caesar 13 Commencement of Apollonius’ Vegetarian Pythagorean Lifestyle 14 Death and Imperial Deification of Augustus & Coronation of Tiberius 15 Paul’s Move from Tarsus to Jerusalem for His Hebrew Education 16 Accession of Artabanus in Babylonia/Parthia 17 Annexation of Cappadocia by Tiberius, Dissolution of the Cappadocian Royal Line, Caesarea (Modern Kayseri, Türkiye) Made Cappadocian Capital & Death of Apollonius’ Father in Tyana 18 Start of Apollonius’ Five Years of Silence 19 Approximate Birth of Apion in Alexandria 23 End of Apollonius’ Five Years of Silence & His Departure for Antioch and Subsequent Departure for Babylon, Joined by Damis in Nineveh & Their Arrival in Babylon in the Late Autumn 24 Visit of Apollonius and Damis to the Babylonian Palace of King Artabanus and Crown-Prince Vardanes & Midday/Midnight Meetings of Apollonius with the Babylonian Magi 25 Departure of Apollonius and Damis from Babylon in the Summer & Arrival at the Palace of King Phraotes in Taxila, India, in the Late Autumn Saint Issa’s Visit to the Himalayas 26 Departure of Apollonius and Damis from India in the Early Spring and Their Return to Babylon in the Late Spring or Early Summer, Appointment of Pontius Pilate as Procurator in Jerusalem & Commencement of the Elkhasaite Ministry of John The Baptist in Palestine 27 Baptism of "The Anointed Savior" by John The Baptist in the River Jordan 29 Beheading of John The Baptist in Palestine & Alleged Correspondence Between "The Anointed Savior" and King Abgar of Edessa 30 Skullduggery and Crucifixion in Jerusalem, With the Collusion of Cappadocian-Roman Soldier Longinus at Golgotha, Death-Row Pardon ("Resurrection") of Jewish Revolutionary Jesus Barabbas by Pontius Pilate & Apollonius’ Disappearance from Palestine (His "Ascension into Heaven") The "Resurrection" & The Shroud of Turin 31 Arrival of Apollonius and Damis in Alexandria 33 Founding of the First Assyrian Christian Community by Thomas and Thaddeus 34 Approximate Date of the Martyrdom of Saint Stephen 35 Approximate Writing by Apollonius of Initiations, or On Sacrifices 36 Death of Pontius Pilate 37 Death of Tiberius, Coronation of Caligula, Conversion of Paul on the Road to Damascus & Births of Josephus in Jerusalem and Nero at Antium 38 First Jewish-Pagan Riots in Alexandria & Paul’s Visit to Arabia 39 Accession of Vardanes in Babylonia/Parthia & Approximate Arrival of Apion in Greece Approximate Writing by Apollonius ("The Egyptian Soothsayer") of The Age of the World & His Prophecy of Caligula’s Death 40 Paul’s "First Visit" to Jerusalem and Subsequent Departure for Tarsus & Approximate Accession of Gotarzes in Babylon, Following Civil War with His Brother Vardanes 41 Murder of Caligula and Caesonia, Coronation of Claudius & Accession of Herod Agrippa I in Palestine 42 Paul’s Departure for Antioch & Approximate Writing of The Homeric Lexicon of Apollonius to the Iliad and the Odyssey Supposedly Attributed to Apion and "Apollonius Archibius" of Alexandria at the School of "Didymus" 43 Commencement of Roman Rule in Britain & Probable Restoration to the Throne of Vardanes in Babylon 44 Apollonius’ Visit to Athens for the Epadaurian and Dionysiac Festivals, Paul’s "Second Visit" to Jerusalem & Death of Herod Agrippa I 45 Apollonius’ Visit to Sparta for the Olympic Games & Approximate Visits by Paul and Barnabbas to Iconium (Modern Konya, Türkiye), Lyaconia and Perga, Pamphylia Visit by Apollonius to Alpheius in Poseidion & Eleian Gates of Hades 46 Apollonius’ Visit to Thera and Crete at the Time of the Earthquake & Birth of Biographer Plutarch 47 Death of Vardanes, King of Babylonia/Parthia 48 Execution of Roman Empress Messalina 49 Expulsion of "Chrestus" and the Jewish Agitators from Rome by Emperor Claudius 50 Burial Shroud of "Jesus" Taken from Jerusalem, Palestine, to Edessa, Assyria by Thaddeus ("Addai" in Aramaic) (approximate date) 51 Paul’s "Third Visit" to Jerusalem & Josephus’ Meeting with the Jewish Priests 52 Simon Magus’ Sojourn in Rome & Claudius’ Dedication of the Tiber River Statue of Simon 53 Commencement of Josephus’ 3-Year Sojourn in the Wilderness with Ascetic Banus 54 Death of Claudius, Coronation of Nero & Arrival of Paul in Ephesus 55 Approximate Writing by "High Priest of Cilicia" Apollonius of the "Mysteries of Orpheus" and "History of Caria & Poseidion", Mentioned Subsequently by Stephanus of Byzantium 56 Josephus’ Return to Jerusalem 57 Departure of Paul for Corinth & First Letter of Paul to the Corinthians: "For when one says ’I belong to Paul’ and another says ’I belong to Apollos’, are you not merely men? What then is Apollos? What then is Paul? Servants through whom you believed, as the Lord assigned to each. I planted, Apollos watered, but God gave the growth." I Corinthians 3:4-6 "Now if Christ is preached as raised from the dead, how can some of you say that there is no resurrection of the dead? But if there is no resurrection of the dead, then Christ has not been raised; if Christ has not been raised, then our preaching is in vain and your faith is in vain. We are even found to be misrepresenting God, because we testified of God that he raised Christ, whom he did not raise if it is true that the dead are not raised. For if the dead are not raised, then Christ has not been raised. If Christ has not been raised, your faith is futile and you are still in your sins." I Corinthians 15:12-17 58 Paul’s "Last Visit" to Jerusalem and Arrival in Caesarea Maritima 59 Accidental Death of Simon Magus in Rome (approximate date) 60 Arrest of Paul in Caesarea, His Removal to Rome as a Prisoner & His Shipwreck in Malta 61 Arrival of Paul in Rome & His Epistle to the Ephesians: "Ye walked according to the Aeon of this world, according to the Archon that has the domination of the air. We wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against the dominations, the powers, the lords of darkness, the mischievousness of spirits in the Upper Regions." Ephesians 2:2, 6:12 62 Approximate Writing by "Apollonius of Laodicea" of Astrologia Apotelesmatica, Condemning Certain Errors in Egyptian Astronomical Calculations, a Work Subsequently Documented by Historian and Praetor A. Fabricius Veiento in His Codicilli, Which Resulted in Fabricius’ Banishment from Rome by Nero and the Burning of All His Books 63 Apollonius’ and Damis’ Departure for Rome, Paul’s Release from his First Imprisonment & Visit of Josephus to Rome Apollonius Brought to Trial Before Nero 64 First Burning of Rome, Commencement of the Christian Persecutions by Nero & Flight of Apollonius and Paul from Rome to Spain 65 Departure of Paul from Spain to Greece and Ionia 66 Commencement of the First Roman-Jewish War, Return of Paul to Rome in Captivity & Appointment of Josephus as Jewish Military Commander 67 Second Imprisonment and Beheading of Paul in Rome, Surrender of Josephus to Roman General Vespasian & Departure of Apollonius from Spain to North Africa and Sicily 68 Imprisonment of Josephus by Vespasian, Suicide of Nero & Accession of Galba, Otho and Vitellius in Rome 69 Meeting(s) of Apollonius and Vespasian in Alexandria, Coronation of Vespasian as Emperor, Release of Josephus from Prison, Apollonius’ and Damis’ Visit to the Egyptian Gymnosophists and Ethiopia & Deployment of Roman Troops from Cappadocia to Jerusalem Visit by Apollonius to Apollinopolis Magna and Parva, Egypt, (Site of the Temples of Nommo, Lord of Heaven, and Harpocrates; and Home of the Enemies of the "The Crocodile Worshippers") Whilst Enroute to the Eastern Ethiopian Cities of Apollinopolis Megabari and Apollonos Hydreium, Axum, Location of the "The Table of the Sun" 70 Roman Conquest of Jerusalem and Masada by Roman Generals Titus and also now Josephus, Destruction of Jerusalem & End of the House of Herod in Palestine First Dispersion of the Christians from Jerusalem to Cappadocia & Writing of "The Gospel of Mark" 71 Josephus’ Move to Rome as "Flavius Josephus" 72 Period of Saint Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch 73 Approximate Return of Apollonius to Tyana 74 Approximate Period of Phrygian-Ionian Sculptors and Brothers Apollonius and Tauriscus of Tralles, Who Created the "Farnese Bull", Subsequently Moved from Rhodes to the Baths of Caracalla in Rome and Presently Displayed at the National Museum of Napoli, Italy; Bronze Head of the Hero, Found at Herculaneum; and the Torso of Hercules Presently Displayed at the Belvedere Museum in Rome & Also Approximate Period of Nicomedeian Sculptors and Brothers Menodotus and Diodotus, Who Also Sculpted a Statue of Hercules [Coincidence? I don’t think so. These sculptors were Hestiaeus & Apollonius. RS] 75 Approximate Meeting of Apollonius and Titus at Tyana 76 Birth of Hadrian in Rome 77 Approximate Writing by Apollonius of Testaments, Oracles & Epistles 78 Publication in Greek of the Original Aramaic The Jewish War by Josephus & Commencement of the Indian Saka Calendar 79 Accession of Titus in Rome & Eruption by Mount Vesuvius, Destroying Pompeii and Herculaneum 80 Dedication of the Colosseum by Titus & Second Burning of Rome 81 Death of Titus & Coronation of Domitian 85 Writing of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke Approximate Medical-Biological Writings by Several Obscure First-Century Physicians Apparently Named "Apollonius", Such As Apollonius Pitanaeus, Apollonius Tarsensus, Apollonius Cyprius, Apollonius Glaucus, Apollonius Archistrator, Apollonius Claudius, Apollonius Biblas and Apollonius Organicus 86 Obtaining by Apollonius of "The Book of Pythagoras" ("The Emerald Tablet" ) at the Hermetic Cave of Trophonius in Ionia 87 Approximate Writing by Apollonius of Life of Pythagoras Approximate Writing by Apollonius (Dyscolos?) of De Secretis Nature Gathered from Writings by Aristotle, Theophrastus and Others 88 "Marriage" of Apollonius and Seleucis in Seleucia? 89 Birth of Alexander Peloplaton, Son of Seleucis and "Adopted Son" of Apollonius (approximate date) 90 Approximate Birth of Apollonius’ First Biographer Moeragenes 91 Oracle of Platonist Philosopher "Apollonius The Syrian", Promising Hadrian the Rule of Rome (approximate date) Apollonius Brought to Trial Before Domitian 92 Ionian Revolt Against Rome by Apollonius’ Followers, Surrender of Apollonius to Rome, Apollonius’ Imprisonment in Rome by Domitian & Apollonius’ Disappearance from Rome and Return to Greece 93 Publication of Jewish Antiquities by Josephus 94 Apollonius’ Final Move to Ephesus 95 Writing of the Gospel of John & Approximate Writing by Josephus of Contra Apion 96 Assassination of Domitian, Coronation of Nerva & Dedication of the Roman Arena Death of Apollonius Tyanaeus "Live unobserved; but if that cannot be, slip unobserved from life." 97 Death of Apollonius of Tyana at Ephesus & Appointment of Favorinus as Teacher of Alexander Peloplaton ("The Clay-Plato") 98 Death of Nerva & Accession of Trajan in Rome 99 Approximate Dedication of the First Roman Mithraeum 100 Writing of the Gospel of Saint "Damis" at the Schola Persica in Edessa, Assyria 101 Era of Christian Bishop Clement of Rome & Approximate Birth of Herodes Atticus at Marathon, Most Prominent Sophist of the Second Century and Teacher of Other Sophists 102 Approximate Death of Saint "Damis" in India 103 Approximate Death of Josephus in Rome 104 Period of Historians Tacitus and Suetonius in Rome 105 Publication of Apollonius in Aegae by Maximus Aegiensis, Contemporary of Apollonius of Tyana 107 Erection of Statue to Flavius Josephus in Rome (approximate date) 108 Birth of Alexander Paphlagonaeus of Abonoteichos, Successor of Apollonius and Student of Alexander Peloplaton (approximate date) 110 Martyrdom of Saint Ignatius of Antioch in the Arena 115 Second Jewish-Pagan Riots in Alexandria 116 Third Jewish-Pagan Riots in Alexandria 117 Accession of Hadrian in Rome 118 History’s First House-to-House Postal Delivery Service Initiated in Rome (approximate date) 119 Approximate Acquisition by Hadrian of "The Hermetic Emerald Tablet" Obtained by Apollonius at the Orphic Cave of Trophonius in 86 or 87 120 Death of Biographer Plutarch 125 Period of Sophist and Lecturer Chrestus of Byzantium in Athens 130 Birth of Celebrated Greco-Roman Physician Galenus, Friend of the Severan Family 132 Bar Cochba Revolt in Jerusalem & Commencement of the Second Roman-Jewish War 133 Justin Martyr’s Conversion to Christianity (approximate date) 135 Total Roman Victory in Palestine & Expulsion of the Jews from Jerusalem Commencement of the Jewish Diaspora & Scientific Beginning of the Astronomical "Age of Pisces" 138 Accession of Antoninus Pius in Rome 139 Philosophical Instruction of Marcus Aurelius in Rome by Apollonius of Chalcis, also known as "Apollonius of Nicomedia", often confused with Apollonius Dyscolos, the "Ill-Tempered Man" (approximate date) 140 Approximate Publication of The Historical Forgeries by Apollonius Dyscolos 141 Approximate Arrival of Alexander Peloplaton in Rome 144 Expulsion from the Church of the Heretic Marcion 145 Approximate Visit by Alexander Peloplaton to the Gymnosophists of Egypt 146 Birth of Septimius Severus in Libya 148 Spread of Mithraism into Germany 150 Emergence of Heretical Gnostic Cainitism, Carpocratianism, Encratism & Marcionism 155 Publication of Life of Apollonius by Moeragenes, Four Volumes (approximate date) 156 Lucian’s "Satire" on the Disciple of Apollonius (approximate date) 157 Approximate Death of Apollonius Dyscolos, the "Ill-Tempered Man" 160 Rome Meeting Between Christian Leaders Polycarpus of Smyrna and Irenaeus of Lyon (approximate date) 161 Accession of Marcus Aurelius in Rome 163 Approximate Appointment by Marcus Aurelius of Alexander Peloplaton as "Imperial Secretary for the Greeks" 164 Approximate Birth of Julia Domna Bassianus in Emesa, Syria 165 Period of Rhetorical Writer Lucianus of Samosata, Who Referred to "The Anointed Savior" as "The Crucified Sophist" 167 Period of the Magician Apuleius of Medaura, Author of The Golden Ass, Acquaintance of Marcus Aurelius and Libyan Kinsman of Septimius Severus 169 Writings by Apuleius of Medaura Concerning Apollonius of Tyana (approximate date) 170 Prosady, Dedicated to Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius, by Aelius Herodianus, Son of Apollonius Dyscolos of Alexandria (approximate date) 171 Meeting of Marcus Aurelius and Sophist Herodes Atticus at Sirmium 172 Birth of Flavius Philostratus (Elder) in Lemnios, Greece 173 Period of Claudius Apollinaris, Bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia, Author of Apology for the Christian Faith, Dedicated to Marcus Aurelius 175 Approximate Deaths of Alexander Peloplaton, Alexander Paphlagonaeus of Abonoteichus, Moeragenes & Tatianus The Syrian ("Kinsman" of Damis?) 177 Christian Apology of Athenagoras to Emperor Marcus Aurelius & Irenaeus, "The Father of the New Testament", Made Bishop of Lyon 179 Approximate Death of Sophist Herodes Atticus 180 Accession of Commodus Hercules in Rome and Imperial Sanctioning of Mithraism 181 Period of Sophists Chrestus of Byzantium and Adrianus of Tyre, Who Was Private Secretary of Emperor Commodus, Both of Whose Sophist Lives Were Chronicled by Flavius Philostratus in 237 CE 182 Approximate Education of Apollonius of Naucratis, as Pupil of Sophists Chrestus and Adrianus 186 Marriage of Julia Domna of Syria and Future Emperor Septimius Severus of Rome 187 Philostratus’ Studying in Athens 188 Birth of Caracalla in Lyon 189 Birth of Geta in Milano & Approximate Birth of Philostratus (Younger, Nephew of Flavius Philostratus) in Lemnios, Author of Imagines and Heroicus 191 Philostratus’ Arrival in Rome & Commencement of His Instruction by Antipater, Syrian Sophist and Friend of Julia Domna 192 Accession of Pertinax in Rome 193 Accession of Emperor Septimius Severus & Empress Julia Domna in Rome 194 Approximate Acquisition by Julia Domna of the Scrapbook of Damis (From Tatianus, The Syrian?) 195 Commission of Philostratus by Julia Domna for the Biography of Apollonius of Tyana 196 Conquest and Rebuilding of Byzantium by Emperor Septimius Severus 197 Approximate Martyrdom of Roman Senator "Apollonius, Bishop of Ephesus", Who Wrote an Exposé Against the Christian Sect of Cataphryges, Which Writing was Later Denounced by Tertullian 198 Elevation of Caracalla to "Augustus" by Septimius Severus 199 Approximate Death of Physician Galen 200 Female Gladiators Banned from the Arena 201 Period of Christian Apologist Tertullian 202 Commencement of Christian Persecutions by Septimius Severus 203 Period of Roman Historian Dion Cassius, Friend of the Severan Family 204 Period of Roman Philosopher and Historian Ammonius Saccus 205 Christianity Firmly Established in Caesarea, Cappadocia (Now Kayseri, Türkiye) 208 Emergence of Heretical Monarchianism 209 Period of Christian Church Father Clement of Alexandria 210 End of Christian Persecutions by Septimius Severus 211 Accession of Julia Domna’s Sons Caracalla and Geta in Rome 212 Caracalla’s Murder of Geta in the Presence of Julia Domna, Administrative Empress of Rome 213 Thessalian Sophist and Rhetorician Philiscus Ordered to Rome by Caracalla & Granting of Exemption from Public Service by Carcalla to Philostratus Younger (approximate date) 214 Caracalla’s Erection of a Shrine to Apollonius in Tyana & Proclamation Elevating Tyana to an Official Status as "Colony of Rome" (approximate date) 215 Record by Dion Cassius of Caracalla’s Visit to Tyana (approximate date) 216 Birth of Manes in Assyria/Parthia 217 Self-Starvation Suicide of Empress Julia Domna, Following the Murder of Caracalla 218 Accession of Bassianus Heliogabalus in Rome, Grand-Nephew of Julia Domna 219 Heyday of Heretical Sabellianism The Life of Apollonius of Tyana 220 Completion of the Original Greek Manuscript The Life of Apollonius of Tyana by Flavius Philostratus 222 Accession of Alexander Severus in Rome 226 Commencement of the Kingdom of the Sassanidae in Parthia/Persia 230 Restoration of the Colosseum by Alexander Severus 231 Approximate Birth of Neo-Platonist Christian Antagonist Porphyrius 237 Completion of Lives of the Sophists by Flavius Philostratus 238 Period of Christian Apologist Origen’s Travels and Conspiracies in Cappadocia 240 Commencement of Christosite Manichaeism by Manes in Assyria/Parthia 242 Acceptance of Manichaeism by Parthian King Shapour I 244 Accession of Philip The Arabian in Rome 246 Approximate Death of Flavius Philostratus 247 Porphyrius’ Studies in Athens as Pupil of Platonists Syrian Dionysius Cassius Longinus and Apollonius of Athens (approximate date) 1000th Anniversary of the Founding of Rome 248 One-Thousandth Anniversary of Rome & Imperial Celebration by Emperor Philip The Arabian 249 Violent Persecutions of Christians by Roman Emperor Decius 250 Period of "The Thirty Tyrants" in Rome, Ending with the Accession of Diocletian 251 First Arrival of Porphyrius in Rome (approximate date) 253 Heretics Sempronius, Olympius, Theodolus and Exuperia Burned Alive at Rome’s Sun-God Temple & Death of Origen 264 Birth of Church Father Bishop Eusebius in Caesarea Maritima, Palestine 267 Coronation of Tetricus as Roman Emperor in Bordeaux, "The Little Rome" 270 Accession of Aurelian in Rome 271 Aurelian’s Peaceful Invasion of Tyana & Erection of a Shrine to Apollonius 272 Ouster of Heretical Bishop Paul of Samosata by the Christian Council of Antioch 274 Syrian Neo-Platonist Iamblichus’ Studies as Pupil of Porphyrius 275 Approximate Publication of Against The Christians by Porphyrius of Tyre, Favorable to Apollonius and Pythagorean Philosophies 276 Conquest and Destruction of Bordeaux by the Visigoths 277 Approximate Imprisonment of Manes by Parthian Zoroastrian King Vahram I 278 Approximate Death of Manes in Prison, Commonly Called His "Crucifixion" 284 Diocletian Proclaimed Emperor of Rome 285 Approximate Writing of Life of Pythagoras by Nicomachus Gerasenus, Mentioning Apollonius of Tyana 290 Enlargement by Diocletian of the Roman Mithraeum (approximate date) 292 Period of Iamblichus’ Pythagorean Writings such as Life of Pythagoras, A Pagan Gospel, Intended to Challenge Christianity, Favorable to Apollonius and Citing the Work of Nicomachus Gerasenus 293 West-East Administrative Division of the Roman Empire 300 Period of Biographer Flavius Vopiscus, Who Mentioned Apollonius and Promised an Apollonius Latin Biography, Which Never Was Written 301 Publication of Lover of Truth (Apollonius as Christ) by Hierocles, Neo-Platonist Roman Consul to Alexandria 302 Publication of Life of Apollonius by Soterichus (approximate date) 303 Commencement of the Great Christian Persecution by Emperor Diocletian & Flight of Eusebius from Antioch and Caesarea Maritima to Alexandria & Eusebius’ Brief Imprisonment by the Romans in Alexandria (approximate date) 304 Christian Apology by Arnobius The Elder, Including Mention of Apollonius Amongst "The Magi" (approximate date) 305 Publication of Heiros Logos by Hierocles, or The Golden Verses of Pythagoras (approximate date) 306 Constantine Proclaimed Emperor of Rome 308 Approximate Birth in Alexandria of Christian Presbyter Apollinaris The Elder, Author and Father of Apollinaris The Younger, Bishop of Laodicea, Syria 309 Approximate Birth of Christian Philosopher and Roman Consul Decimus Magnus Ausonius in Bordeaux, Son of Physician Julius Ausonius and Friend of Contemporary Grammarian and Poet Citerius Sidonius of Bordeaux, Possible Maternal Great-Uncle of Apollinaris Sidonius 310 Period of Biographer Aelius Lampridius, Who Mentioned the Statue of Apollonius at the Palace of Alexander Severus 311 Period of Catholic Church Father Lactantius, Who Attacked Hierocles’ Comparison of Apollonius with "Christ Jesus" 312 Constantine’s Victory at the Milvian Bridge 313 End of the Great Christian Persecution 314 Christian-Manichaeism Introduced at Rome 315 Eusebius Appointed Bishop of Caesarea Maritima, Palestine 316 Eusebius’ Treatise Against Hierocles (approximate date) 320 Colosseum Struck by Lightning 324 Reunion of the Empire by Constantine I, The Great, as Sole Ruler The Council of Nicaea 325 Ecumenical Council of Nicaea in Bithynia 329 Birth of Basil, The Great Saint, in Cappadocia 330 Dedication of Constantinople as Imperial Capital & Official Adoption of Christianity by the Roman Empire, West and East 333 Approximate Birth of Heretical Bishop Apollinaris The Younger in Laodicea, Syria 335 Assembling and Collation of Zoroastrian Teachings into the Zend Avesta by Sassanidae Persian King Shapour II (approximate date) 337 Death of Emperor Constantine & Accession of Constantine II, Constans I and Constantius II 340 Approximate Death of Bishop Eusebius, "Father of Ecclesiastical Catholic History" 341 Ecumenical Council of Antioch 342 Ecumenical Council of Sardica (Sofia) 346 Birth of Anti-Christian Philosopher Eunapius at Sardis 350 Accession of Constantius II, as Sole Ruler 354 Disappearance of the Statue of Nero from the Roman Arena & Birth of Saint Augustine 356 Byzantine Missionary Dispatched to Arabia 360 Ecumenical Council of Constantinople 361 Accession of Julian The Apostate in Rome, Julian’s Condemnation of Christianity & Re-introduction of Mithraism as Rome’s "Official" Religion 362 Julian’s Unfortunate Destruction of the "Statue of Christ" (Apollonius!) at Paneas (Caesarea Phillipi, Phoenicia) 363 Ecumenical Council of Tyana & Accession of Jovian in Rome 364 Accession of Valens in Constantinople 365 Period of Apollinarius The Younger, Bishop of Laodicea in Syria, Founder of the Anti-Arian Apollinarist Christian Sect and Writer of 30 Books Against Porphyrius 366 Persecution of Orthodox Christians by Roman "Arian" Emperor Valens 370 Saint Basil Appointed Bishop of Caesarea and Metropolitan Ruler of Cappadocia 371 Political Conflict Between Valens and Basil & Anti-Arian Activities by Basil 372 Division of Cappadocia into Two Provinces & Bishop of Tyana Made Metropolitan Ruler & Proclamation by Valens Making Tyana the Metropolitan "Capital City" of Cappadocia 373 Acceptance of Manichaeism by Saint Augustine 374 Religious Enmity and Conflict Between Basil, Bishop of Caesarea (Cappadocia), and Athimius, Bishop of Tyana? 375 Birth of Eutyches & Basil’s Attack on the Re-emergence of Sabellianism 376 End of Valens’ Rule 377 Greek Sophist Eunapius’ Publication of Lives of the Philosophers and Sophists, Favorably Mentioning Apollonius Tyanaeus in a Companion Book to Philostratus’ Lives of the Sophists (approximate date) 379 Death of Basil, The Great Saint & Accession of Theodosius I in Constantinople 380 Adoption of Mainstream "Catholic" (that is, "Universal") Christianity by Roman Emperor Gratian and Byzantine Emperor Theodosius I Founding of the Catholic Church 381 First Council of Constantinople, Formally Adopting the Nicaean Creed of the Council of Nicaea, Prohibiting the Worship of Arianism and Manichaeism (under threat of death) & Establishment of the Catholic Church 382 Approximate Birth of Apollinaris, Roman Prefect to Gaul, Grandfather of Apollinaris Sidonius 385 Approximate Birth (Near Coastal Laodicea) of Nemesius of Emesa, Syria, Hometown of Julia Domna and Her Aunt Julia Mamaea and Grand-Nephew Roman Emperor Alexander Severus 386 Period of Christian Bishop Cyril of Jerusalem 389 Public Mob-Murder of Hypatia & Destruction of the Temple of Serapis and the Library at Alexandria by Emperor Theodosius 390 Approximate Death of Christian Philosopher Ausonius in Bordeaux 391 Approximate Death of Bishop Apollonius The Younger in Syria 392 Prohibition Against All "Pagan Worship" in the Entire Roman Empire 394 Death of the Anomoean Philosopher Eumonius 395 End of the Traditional Roman Empire, Its Division into West and East, With Egypt Under Byzantine Rule & Accessions of Honorius in the West and Arcadius in the East 400 Christianity Firmly Established in Tarsus, Cilicia 401 Publication of The Confessions by Saint Augustine & Burning of the Libri Sibyllini by Stilicho 402 Approximate Publication of Universal History by Philosopher Eunapius 403 Approximate Birth of Apollinaris, Roman Prefect to Gaul, Father of Apollinaris Sidonius 404 Martyrdom of Saint Telemachus 405 Abolition of the Gladiatorial Games by Western Emperor Honorius 407 Period of Christian Apologist Saint John "Dion" Chrysostom, "The Golden-Tongued" Who Referred to Apollonius as an "Evil-Doer" and "Deceiver" 409 Letter from Augustine to Deogratias Concerning Apollonius of Tyana and Apuleius of Medaura 410 Sack of Rome by the Vandal Alaric & End of Roman Rule in Britain 412 Correspondence Between Augustine and Marcellinus Regarding Apollonius of Tyana and Apuleius of Medaura 414 Approximate Death of Philosopher and Writer Eunapius 415 Period of Roman Christian Historian Salaminius Hermias Sozomen 420 Period of Christian Apologist Saint Jerome (Hieronymus), Who Nevertheless Referred Favorably to Apollonius of Tyana 421 Aristotelian-Christian Nemesius Made Bishop of Emesa (approximate date) 422 Colosseum Damaged by Earthquake 424 Revolt of the Nestorian Persian Church 425 Publication by Bishop Nemesius of Emesa of Works Concerning Aristotle and "The Emerald Tablet" 426 Condemnations of Apollonius Tyanaeus by Christians Isidorus of Pelusium and the "Pseudo-Justin" 428 Appointment of Nestorius as Bishop of Constantinople 429 Approximate Birth of Apollinaris Sidonius in Burgus/Bordeaux 430 Death of Saint Augustine, Bishop of Hippo 431 Ecumenical Council of Ephesus, Condemning the Nestorian Semi-Divine Perception of the Christ & Exile of Nestorius 448 Catholic Condemnation of Eutychianism 451 Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon, Proclaiming the True Divinity of "Jesus" & Excommunication of Dioscorus 452 Approximate Death of the Heretic Nestorius 453 Approximate Marriage of Apollinaris Sidonius to Papianilla, Daughter of Future Roman Emperor Avitus 454 Death of Eutyches 455 Sack of Rome by the Barbarian Vandals 456 Accession of Flavius Avitus in Rome 457 Writings about Apollonius of Tyana, Dedicated Favorably to Pope Leo I, by Apollinaris Sidonius of Burgus/Bordeaux 458 Ambassadorship of Apollinaris Sidonius from Gaul/France to Rome & His Meeting with Bishop Nemesius of Emesa (approximate date) 461 Death of Pope Leo I & Approximate Death of Bishop Nemesius 468 Conversion of Apollinaris Sidonius (Saint Sidoine) to Catholicism 474 Accession of Zeno in Constantinople 475 Accession of Romulus Augustulus in Rome, Last of the Western Roman Emperors 476 Commencement of Byzantine Rule in the Western Empire & End of the Roman Imperial Line 485 Approximate Death of Apollinaris Sidonius, Bishop of Claremont & End of the Christian Apollinarist Sect 486 Reaffirmation by Babai of the Nestorian Nature of the Assyrian/Persian Manichaean Christosite Church 500 Favorable Mention by Christian Historian Cassiodorus of Apollonius Tyanaeus The European Dark Ages 508 Colosseum Damaged by Earthquake 521 Byzantine-Inspired Monophysite-Abyssinian Invasion of Arabia 523 Last Recorded Animal Games at the Colosseum 525 Publication of Geographical Lexicon Ethnika by Stephanus of Byzantium, Citing History of Caria & Poseidion by Apollonius of "Aphrodisius, Cilicia" 526 "Anno Domini" Prefaced to Western Dating, After Ideas by Friar Denys le Petit, Conforming to the Thoughts of Pope Leo I, Starting the Christian Calendar at Traditional Roman Year 753, Approximating the Augustan Beginning of the Julian Calendar 535 Commencement of War Between Rome and Constantinople 537 Founding of the Monastery of Vivarium in Calabria, Italy, by Cassiodorus & Commencement of Cassiodorus’ Grand Library Project 550 Visit by Cassidorus to Constantinople 554 Recapture of Italy by the Byzantines & Inauguration of Ravenna as the New Capital of the West 567 Completion of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, Built Over the "Grotto" or "Cave" where "Jesus" Was Born, But John The Baptist, Not "Jesus", Was Born in a "Grotto" 570 Birth of Mohammed in Mecca & Persian Conquest of Arabia from Abyssinia 582 Accession of Mauritius in Constantinople 590 Unsuccessful Byzantine Attempt to Gain Control of Mecca 595 Marriage of Mohammed and Khadijah 610 First Revelations of The Quran & Accession of Heraclius I in Constantinople 613 Commencement of Mohammed’s Ministry 614 Nestorian-Christian Persian Conquest of Jerusalem and the Levant 628 Orthodox-Christian Byzantine Reconquest of Jerusalem and the Levant 622 The Hegira & Commencement of the Islamic Lunar Calendar 624 Marriage of Ali and Fatima & Jewish Attack on the Philosophies of Mohammed 630 Recapture of Jerusalem by Constantinople & Restoration of the Holy Rood to Jerusalem 632 Death of Mohammed in Medina & Leadership of Abubakir 638 Arabian-Saracen Conquest of Jerusalem & Moslem Worship, as well as Christian, First Allowed in the Church of the Nativity at Bethlehem 641 Arabian-Saracen Conquest of Egypt by Omar I 650 Finalization of The Quran by the Islamic Hierarchy of Priests   "And their saying, We did kill the Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, the Messenger of Allah; whereas they slew him not, nor crucified him, but he was made to appear to them like one crucified; and those who differ therein are certainly in a state of doubt about it; they have no definite knowledge thereof, but only follow a conjecture; and they did not convert this conjecture into a certainty; on the contrary, Allah exalted him to Himself, and Allah is Mighty, Wise." Chapter Nisa’a, Sura IV   651 Arabian-Saracen Conquest of Persia, End of the Kingdom of the Sassanidae & Replacement of Zoroastrianism by Islam and the Avesta by The Quran 670 Arabian-Saracen Conquest and Destruction of Tyana, Cappadocia 675 Christosite Manichaeism Introduced in China 681 Condemnation of the Monophysite Heresy by the Catholic Sixth Ecumenical Council 714 Complete Moslem Conquest of Spain 721 Approximate Birth of Jabir Ibn Hayyan, "The Father of Arab Chemistry", in Tus, Iran (Assyria) 762 Adoption of Manichaeism by the Uighur Turkic Kingdom of Western China 798 Council of Rome, Condemning Adoptionism 800 Coronation of Charlemagne at St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome, Ending the Byzantine Rule of the West & Commencement of the Holy Roman Empire 801 Era of Assyrian Scientist Job of Edessa & Jabir Ibn Hayyan’s Book Concerning Balinas The Wise (Apollonius) and "The Emerald Tablet" ("Tabula Smaragdina") 810 Publication of Chronographia by Byzantine Abbas Georgius Syncellus, Favorably Mentioning Apollonius Tyanaeus (approximate date) 815 Approximate Death of Jabir Ibn Hayyan in Kufa, Iraq (Assyria) 840 Destruction of the Uighur Kingdom by the Kirghiz Turks 843 Prohibition Against Manichaeism in China 846 Buddhism Replaced by Confucianism in China 944 Burial Shroud of "Jesus" Moved from Edessa to Constantinople 950 The Homeric Lexicon of Apollonius to the Iliad and the Odyssey Supposedly Attributed to Apion and "Apollonius Archibius" of Alexandria at the School of "Didymus", Republished in Constantinople (approximate date), Later to Fall into the Hands of le Comte de St.-Germain around 1750 CE 1057 Period of Greek Monk Georgius Cedrenus, Compiler of Historical Synopsis 1071 Turkish Conquest of Ionia & Replacement of Greek by Turkish as the Official Language 1075 Condemnation of Apollonius Tyanaeus in Byzantine Monk Xiphilinus of Trapezus’ Abridgement of Dion Cassius’ Histories, Written at the Request of Eastern Emperor Michael VII, Ducas The European Middle Ages 1096 Commencement of the First Crusade 1099 Jerusalem Captured by Catholic Crusaders 1145 Period of Greek Grammarian Joannes Tzetzes in Constantinople, Author of The Homeric Allegories [cf. Morel, 1610 & Villoison, 1773] 1147 Commencement of the Second Crusade 1150 Balinas/Apollonius Writings by Hugues de Santalla ("Geber") in Toledo, Spain, Regarding Aristotle’s "Secretum Secretorum" and "The Emerald Tablet" 1187 Arab-Moslem Reconquest of Jerusalem 1189 Commencement of the Third Crusade 1200 Period of Byzantine Historian Acominatus Choniates Nicetas of Phrygia, Who Wrote About the Christian Destruction of Constantinople’s "Bronze Doors", Considered as "Pagan Icons" Dedicated to Apollonius of Tyana 1202 Commencement of the Fourth Crusade 1204 Sack of Constantinople by Crusaders 1208 Commencement of the 36-Year Albigensian Crusade by Pope Innocent III 1244 Extinction of Albigensian Manichaeism and Catharism in Europe 1245 First French Encyclopedia, L’Image du Monde, Published by Gossuin de Metz, Including Apollonius Information 1280 Period of Italian Marco Polo and His Travels to China 1316 Papacy Moved from Rome to Avignon, France 1320 Approximate Publication of Dante Alighieri’s The Divine Comedy 1353 Burial Shroud ("Mandylion") of "Jesus" Moved from Constantinople to France, Subsequently Moved to Torino in 1578 1378 Birth of Christian Rosenkruez (Pseudonym of Johan V. Andrea), Author of Fama Fraternitatis and Founder of the Secret Rosicrucian Order 1431 Approximate Birth of Rodrigo Lanzol y Borgia 1444 Founding of the Florentine Medici Library by Cosimo de Medici 1447 Papacy Returned to Rome Under Pope Nicholas V 1449 Approximate Birth of Aldo Manuzio, "Grandfather of the Paperback Book" The European Renaissance 1450 Commencement of the Italian Renaissance 1451 Dedication of the Vatican Cornerstone 1452 Birth of Leonardo da Vinci 1453 Ottoman Conquest of Constantinople & Flight of Greek Orthodox Cardinal John Bessarion from Constantinople to Venice 1454 Constantinople Renamed "Istanbul" 1456 Invention of the Printing Press by Johann Gutenberg & Publication ofThe Gutenberg Bible 1460 Early Attempts to Establish an Official Vatican Library at Rome 1465 Approximate Founding of the Domenican Convent and Library of San Marco at Florence by Friar Zanobi Acciaioli 1468 Acquisition by the Venetian Republic of Greek Cardinal Bessarion’s Vast Library 1472 Death of Cardinal Bessarion 1475 Birth of Michelangelo Buonarroti 1483 Birth of German Martin Luther & Eventual Protestant Reformation 1484 Death of Christian Rosenkruez at Albi, France 1490 First Passion Play Performed in the Roman Colosseum 1491 Birth of King Henry VIII of England & Eventual Anglican/Episcopal Church 1492 Catholic Reconquest of Moorish Spain by Ferdinand and Isabella, Expulsion of the Jews from Spain, Rodrigo Borgia Elected Pope Alexander VI & Discovery of America by Christopher Colombus 1494 Death of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Friend of Aldus Manutius 1495 Approximate Acquisition by Venice of the Library of Cardinal Domenico Grimani and His Nephew Marin Sanudo, Business Partner of Aldus Manutius (total of 20,000 books donated to the city) 1497 Acquisition by Aldus Manutius of Philostratus’ Life of Apollonius of Tyana from Friar Zanobi Acciaioli’s Library (approximate date) 1498 Girolamo Savonarola, Acquaintance of Zanobi, Burned at the Stake in Florence 1499 Friendship of Aldo Manuzio and Lucrezia Borgia, Daughter of Pope Alexander VI 1500 Friendship of Aldo Manuzio and Alberto Pio 1501 The Life of Apollonius of Tyana by Flavius Philostratus, First Translation into Latin by Alemannus Rhinuccinus in Venice Apollonius Tyanaeus & Eusebius, Published by the Aldine Press in Venice, 1504 CE   Go Back