Since the debtor list was first created, state-media reports repeatedly described it as the first step toward creating a China-wide social credit score, expected in 2020.

 

For now, separate pilot credit systems are being trialed by eight companies.

 

One of these, Sesame Credit, is run by the Alibaba affiliate Ant Financial and deducts credit points off people who default on court fines.

 

Sesame Credit is one of the few systems that give users an actual score, and it remains to be seen whether China's national system will give every citizen a score.