by Ray Villard and Barbara Kennedy
6 April 2010

from PennStateScience-EberlyCollegeOfScience Website

 

 


This is an artist's conception of the binary system described in this story

showing the primary brown dwarf (at left) and its orbiting planet-like object (at right).

The disk of the brown dwarf likely never had enough material to make an orbiting object of this mass.

As a result, this small companion probably formed like a binary star.

In this illustration, both objects are presented at the same distance to show relative sizes.

Not shown are two other nearby objects, a low-mass star and a brown dwarf that are probably both parts of this system.
Science Credit: NASA, ESA, and K. Todorov and K. Luhman (Penn State University)
Artwork Credit: Gemini Observatory, courtesy of L. Cook
 

A mysterious planet-like object orbiting a not-quite-starlike "brown dwarf" is the most recent enigma discovered by astronomers with their ever-more powerful telescopes.

 

Kamen Todorov, a graduate student at Penn State University, and a team of co-investigators including Kevin Luhman, assistant professor of astronomy and astrophysics at Penn State, used the keen eyesight of the Hubble Space Telescope and the Gemini observatory to directly image the planet-like object.

 

The team's discovery, which resulted from a survey of 32 brown dwarfs in the Taurus star-forming region, will be published in the Astrophysical Journal.

The astronomers estimate that the smaller orbiting object is 5 to 10 times the mass of Jupiter and that it orbits at roughly the distance from the Sun to Saturn or Uranus - which makes it planet-like - but it formed in only 1 million years ago - which is much faster than the time some theories predict is needed to build a planet.

 

Their investigations of the nature of this mysterious object and its companion brown dwarf have revealed a new mechanism that Nature can use to make orbiting planetary-mass objects.

"Our research demonstrates that nature can make planetary-mass bodies through the same mechanism that builds stars - and that the mystery object has both planet-like and star-like characteristics," said Luhman, who is a researcher at the Penn State Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds.


Illustration Credit: NASA, ESA, and A. Feild (STScI)

 
This is a Hubble Space Telescope image of the young brown dwarf 2M J044144.

It has a companion object at the 8 o'clock position that is estimated to be 5-10 times the mass of Jupiter.

In the right panel, the light from the brown dwarf has been subtracted to provide a clearer view of the companion object.

The separation of the companion corresponds to 1.4 billion miles at the distance of the Taurus star-forming region,

which is only about 1 million years old.

The companion may be a very small brown dwarf or a large planet, depending on how it formed.

Images were taken with Hubble's Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 to track the motion

of the two objects to see if they actually do travel across space together.

Additional observations were done with the Gemini North telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii.
Credit: NASA, ESA, and Z. Levay (STScI)


But what is the true nature of this object? Is it really a planet?

 

To answer this question, the scientists considered the three possible ways such an object could form:

  1. dust in a circumstellar disk slowly merges to form a rocky planet 10 times larger than the Earth, which then accumulates a large gaseous envelope

  2. a lump of gas in a circumstellar disk quickly collapses to form an object the size of a gas-giant planet

  3. rather than forming from the dust in a circumstellar disk, a companion forms from the collapse of the vast cloud of gas and dust in the same way as a star or a brown dwarf forms

 

"The third scenario is the likely solution because this star-like object is too young to have formed by the first scenario, which is very slow," Luhman said.

Although the second mechanism does occur rapidly, the disk around this central brown dwarf probably did not contain enough material to make an object this large in mass.

"The most interesting implication of this result is that it shows that the process that makes binary stars extends all the way down to planetary masses - so it appears that nature is able to make planetary-mass companions through two very different mechanisms."

If the mystery companion formed through cloud collapse and fragmentation, as stellar binary systems do, then it is not a planet by definition because planets build up inside disks.

 

Further supporting evidence comes from the presence of a nearby binary system that contains a small red star and a brown dwarf. Brown dwarfs are objects that typically are tens of times the mass of Jupiter and are too small to sustain nuclear fusion to shine as stars do.

 

Luhman thinks that all four objects may have formed in the same cloud collapse, making this in actuality a quadruple system.

"The configuration closely resembles quadruple star systems, suggesting that all of its components formed like stars," says Luhman.


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