The Ringmakers of Saturn

Appendix

Equating a "body having physically inherent mobile capability" to the term "vehicle" possibly may be considered as too abrupt a step in nomenclature development.

The potential problem lay in various connotations for the word. Multiple connotations do not lead to a focused idea concerning what is meant.

To illustrate, an automobile has inherent mobile capability; and reference to an automobile as a vehicle is quite common. On the other hand for example, an ape also has inherent mobile capability; but reference to an ape as a vehicle is uncommon in the sense that an automobile is a vehicle. That the former is inanimate and the latter animate is not the intended distinction.

The significant distinction is that an automobile does not occur directly in Nature, whereas an ape is regarded as a direct product of Nature.

For purpose of the subject matter, the term "vehicle" is meant to be something not occurring directly in Nature, but rather something occurring as a by-product of Nature. Early introduction of "vehicle" as a descriptor is considered by the author to be, at worst, premature but not an inaccurate usage.

The reason for the belief in descriptor accuracy is independent of the non-personal photographic evidence presented herein. In 1971, the author had the exciting experience of having sighted and photographed a mobile slender body fitting the specific properties of the two bodies shown later in Plates 5 and 6.

This sighting at the time was experienced by the author's wife and daughter.

Through binoculars, this body appeared to be large and incorporated fine aerodynamic features at the fore and aft exhaust ends. That is, the ends did not terminate squarely cut-off as would result when a pole is sawed in two. Rather, the ends were rounded much the same as are cowls of jet- engine intakes.

Bulbar streamers were emitted from locations along the body. Control over these streamers was demonstrated by the modulation of their activity, and also by introduction of additional streamers which moved with definite periodicity.

Drawing upon many years of aerospace experience, the author has no reservation about labeling the sighted body a vehicle. The numerous and unique properties of the sighted vehicle also are evident variously in the micro-photographs presented.

Until more research is performed to demonstrate otherwise, the bodies discussed in Plate 3 and subsequently shall be considered vehicles rather than objects of Nature.

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Bibliography

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Periodicals
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H. A. Zebher and G. Leonard Tyler, 'Thickness of Saturn's Rings Inferred from Voyager 1 Observations of Microwave Scatter' (Vol. 223, No. 4634, 27 January 1984) pp 396 and 397.
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Roger Lewin, 'What Killed the Giant Mammals?' (Vol. 221, No. 4615, 9 September 1983) pp 1036-1037.
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Richard A. Kerr, 'Planetary Rings Briefing: New Outer Rings for Saturn?: The F Ring Becomes a Little Less Baffling; Spokes, SKR and SED - A Connection.; The Uranian Rings Get Stranger and Stranger' (Vol. 218, No. 4569, 15 October 1982) pp 276-277.
Richard A. Kerr, 'Planetary Rings Explained and Unexplained' (Vol. 218, No. 4568, 8 October 1982) pp 141-143.
R. S. Westrum, 'Explaining Meteorites' (Vol. 217, No. 4563, 3 September 1982) p 884.
Richard A. Kerr, 'Saturn Briefing: Caged Argon: A Clue to the Birth of Titan; Rings, Rings, What Makes the Rings? Lightning on Saturn or Ring Discharges? What Battered the Satellites of Saturn?' (Vol. 216, No. 4551, 11 June 1982) pp 1210-1211.
R. Ganapathy, 'Evidence for a Major Meteor Impact on the Earth 34 Million Years Ago: Implications for Eocene Extinctions' (Vol. 216, No. 4548, 21 May
1982) pp 885-886.
P. G. Kamoun et al., 'Comet Enke: Radar Detection of Nucleus' (Vol. 216, No. 4543, 16 April 1982) pp 293-295.
P. J. Michaels et al., 'Observations of a Comet on Collision Course with the Sun' (Vol. 215, No. 4536, 26 February 1982) Cover photograph and pp 1097-1102.
Reports on Voyager 2 Flyby of Saturn (Vol. 215, No. 4532, 29 January 1982).
(1) E. C. Stone and F. D. Miner, 'Voyager 2 Encounter with the Saturnian System', pp 499-504.
(2) B. A. Smith et al., 'A New Look at the Saturnian System: The Voyager 2 Images', pp 504-537.
(3) A. L. Larse et al., 'Photopolarimetry from Voyager 2: Preliminary Results on Saturn, Titan and the Rings', pp 537-543.
(4) R. Hanel et al., 'Infrared Observations of the Saturnian System from Voyager 2', pp 544-548.
(5) B. R. Sandel et al., 'Extreme Ultraviolet Observations from the Voyager 2 Encounter with Saturn', pp 548-553.
(6) G. L. Tyler et al., 'Radio Science with Voyager 2 at Saturn: Atmosphere and Ionosphere and the Masses of Mimas, Tethys and Iapetus', pp 583558.
(7) N. F. Ness et al., 'Magnetic Field Studies by Voyager 2: Preliminary Results at Saturn', pp 558-563.
(8) H. S. Bridge et al., 'Plasma Observations Near Saturn: Initial Results from Voyager 2\ pp 563-570.
(9) S. M. Krimigis et al., 'Low-Energy Hot Plasma and Particles in Saturn's Magnetosphere', pp 571-577.
(10) R. E. Vogt et al., Energetic Charged Particles in Saturn's Magnetosphere: Voyager 2 Results', pp 577-582.
(11) J. W. Warwick et al., 'Planetary Radio Astronomy Observations from Voyager 2 Near Saturn', pp 582-587.
(12) F. L. Scarf et al., 'Voyager 2 Plasma Wave Observations at Saturn', pp 587-594.
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M. Mitchell Waldrop, 'Saturn Redux: The Voyager 2 Mission' (Vol. 213, No. 4513, 11 September 1981) pp 1236, 1237 and 1240.
Phillip H. Abelson, 'Voyager Mission to Saturn' (Vol. 212, No. 4491, 10 April 1981) p 125.
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(1) E. D. Miner, 'Voyager 1 Encounter with the Saturnian System', pp 159162.
(2) B. A. Smith et al., 'Encounter with Saturn: Voyager 1 Imaging Science Results, pp 163-191.
(3) S. P. Synnott et al., 'Orbits of the Small Satellites of Saturn', pp. 191192.
(4) R. Hanel et al., 'Infrared Observations of the Saturnian System from Voyager 1', pp 192-200.
(5) G. L. Tyler et al., 'Radio Science Investigations of the Saturn System with Voyager 1: Preliminary Results', pp 201-206.
(6) A. L. Broadfoot et al., 'Extreme Ultraviolet Observations from Voyager 1 Encounter with Saturn', pp 206-211.
(7) N. F. Ness et al., 'Magnetic Field Studies by Voyager 1: Preliminary Results at Saturn', pp 211-217.
(8) H. S. Bridge et al., 'Plasma Observations Near Saturn: Initial Results from Voyager 1', pp 217-224.
(9) S. M. Krimigis et al., 'Low-Energy Charged Particles in Saturn's Magnetosphere: Results from Voyager 1', pp 225-231.
(10) R. E. Vogt et al., 'Energetic Charged Particles in Saturn's Magnetosphere: Voyager 1 Results', pp 231-234.
(11) D. A. Gurnett et al., 'Plasma Waves Near Saturn: Initial Results from Voyager 1', pp 235-239.
(12) J. S. Warwick et al., 'Planetary Radio Astronomy Observations from Voyager 1 Near Saturn', pp 239-243.
Eliot Marshall, 'Navy Lab Concludes the Vela (Satellite) Saw a (Nuclear) Bomb'
(Vol. 209, No. 4460, 29 August 1980) pp 996-997.
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(1) J. W. Dyer, 'Pioneer Saturn', pp 400-401.
(2) A. G Opp, 'Scientific Results from the Pioneer Saturn Encounter: Summary', pp 401-403.
(3) J. H. Wolfe et al., 'Preliminary Results on the Plasma Environment of Saturn from the Pioneer 11 Plasma Analyzer Experiment', pp 403407.
(4) E. J. Smith et al., 'Saturn's Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere', pp 407410.
(5) J. A. Simpson et al., 'Saturnian Trapped Radiation and Its Absorption by Satellites and Rings: The First Results from Pioneer 11, pp. 411415.
(6) J. A. Van Allen et al., 'Saturn's Magnetosphere, Rings and Inner Satellites', pp 415-421.
(7) J. H. Trainer et al., 'Observations of Energetic Ions and Electrons in Saturn's Magnetosphere', pp 421-425.
(8) W. Fillins et al., 'Trapped Radiation Belts of Saturn: First Look', pp 425431.
(9) D. L. Judge et al., 'Ultraviolet Photometer Observations ofthe Saturnian System', pp 431-434.
(10) T. Gehrels et al., 'Imaging Photopolarimeter on Pioneer Saturn', pp 434439.
(11) A. P. Ingersoll et al., 'Pioneer Saturn Infrared Radiometer: Preliminary Results', pp 439-443.
(12) D. H. Humes et al., 'Impact of Saturn Ring Particles on Pioneer 11*. pp 443-444.
(13) M. H. Acuna and N. F. Ness, 'The Magnetic Field of Saturn: Pioneer 11 Observations', pp 444-446.
(14) A. J. Kliore et al., 'Vertical Structure of the Ionosphere and Upper Neutral Atmosphere of Saturn from Pioneer Radio Occulation', pp 446-449.
(15) J. D. Anderson et al., 'Pioneer Saturn Celestial Mechanics Experiment', pp 449-453.
Richard A. Kerr, 'Rings Around the Solar System' (Vol. 206, No. 4414, 5 October 1979) pp 38-40.
R. H. Thomas, 'West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Present-Day Thinning and Holocene Retreat of the Margins' (Vol. 205, No. 4412, 21 September 1979) pp 12571258.
Astronomy (Astromedia, Kalmbach Publishing Co., Milwaukee, WI)
Richard Berry, 'Uranus: The Voyage Continues' (Vol. 14, No. 4, April 1986) p 10.
Edward J. Ciaccio, 'Atmospheres' (Vol. 12, No. 5, May 1984) pp 6-22.
Michael A. Sposito, 'A Conversation with Astronaut Joseph Allen' (Vol. 12, No.
4, April 1984) p 24.
Robert Burnham, 'IRAS and the Infrared Universe' (Vol. 12, No. 3, March 1984) pp 6-22.
Jeffrey K. Wagner, 'The Sources of Meteorites' (Vol. 12, No. 2, February 1984) pp 6-16.
Michael Carrol, 'A New Mission to Saturn' (Vol. 11, No. 12, December 1983) pp 6-15.
David Morrison, 'Return to the Planets: A Blueprint for the Future' (Vol. 11, No.
9, September 1983) pp 6-15.
Donald F. Robertson, 'Mystery Gap' (Vol. 11, No. 6, June 1983) pp 60-61.
David Swift, 'Voyager: Technological Totem' (Vol. 11, No. 1, January 1983) pp 24-26.
Jack R. Schendel, 'Looking Inside Quasars' (Vol. 10, No. 11, November 1982) pp 6-22.
Francis Reddy, 'Backtracking the Comets' (Vol. 10, No. 8, August 1982) pp 6-17.
Edward J. Ciaccio, 'Landscapes of the Solar System' (Vol. 10, No. 7, July 1982) pp 6-23.
Van Kane, 'The Little Big Missions' (Vol. 10, No. 5, May 1982) pp 16-17.
The Planetary Report (The Planetary Society, Pasadena, CA.)
Jeffrey Taylor, 'Moon Rocks' (Vol. 4, No. 2, March/April 1984) pp 4-6.
Thomas R. McDonough, 'The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI)' (Vol. 3, No. 2, March/April 1983) p 3.
Paul Horwitz, 'Searching for Signals from Extraterrestrial Civilizations' (Vol. 3, No. 2, March/April 1983) pp 4-5.
Samuel Gulkis and John H. Wolfe, 'The NASA SETI Program' (Vol. 3, No. 2, March/April 1983) pp 6-7.
John Spencer, 'The Viking Legacy' (Vol. 11, No. 5, September/October 1982) pp 12-14.
Richard J. Terrille, 'Return to the Rings' (Vol. 1, No. 6, October/November 1981) pp 4-5.
Von R. Eshleman and G. L. Taylor, 'Radio Science at Saturn' (Vol. 1, No. 6 October/November 1981) pp 6-7.
Michael C. Malin, Ice Worlds' (Vol. 1, No. 4, June/July 1981) pp 8-10.
Dennis Matson, 'Gallery of the Moons' (Vol. 1, No. 2, February/March 1981) pp 6-7.
Jeffry Cuzzi, 'Saturn's Rings; A Voyager Update' (Vol. 1, No. 2, February/March 1981) pp 8-10.
David Morrison, 'The Mysteries of Saturn' (Vol. 1, No. 1, December 1980/ January 1981) p 4.
Sky and Telescope (Vol. 59, No. 4, April 1980).
'Pioneer Saturn Pictorial', pp 292-293.
'Saturn Sightings', p 296.
Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA (Vol. 7, No. 1, January 1969).
Homer J. Stewart, 'Lunar Exploration-The First Decade Raises More Questions Than It Answers', pp 32-36.
Harold C. Urey, 'The Contending Moons', pp 37-41.
Harold Masursky, 'Lunar-Exploration Targets', pp 42-49.
Albert Hibbs, 'Surveyor Results', pp 50-63.
J. E. Conel, 'What the Rangers Revealed about Lunar Geology', pp 64-68.

Lectures
Center for Space Science and Astrophysics
Peter Goldreich, 'The Dynamics ofPlanetary Rings' (7 November 1983), Physics Lecture Hall, Stanford University, California.
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, (AIAA)
Astronaut Rusty Swiekert, 'Experiences in Orbital Flight' (10 May 1984), San Francisco Section, Sunnyvale, AIAA, California.

News Presentations
Campus Report
Diana Diamond, 'Scientists Discover Saturn Rings To Be Amazingly Thin (Stanford University, California, 25 January 1984) p 1.
Joel Shurkin, 'Saturn's Rings Are Made of Red Ice, Says Latest Study' (Stanford University, California, 25 August 1982) p 7.
The Stanford Daily
'"El Nino" -The Century's Unequaled Natural Catastrophe' by the Los Angeles Times. (Stanford University, California, 19 August 1982) p 2.
San Jose Mercury News
John Noble, New York Times, 'Scientists Baffled by Earth's Cycle of Extinction Every 26 Million Years' (San Jose, California, 12 December 1983) p 8A.
KQED-TV Channel 9 San Francisco
'Voyager 2 at Saturn', 26 August 1981 (closest approach).
'Voyager 1 at Saturn', 12 November 1980 (closest approach).

* This bibliography has been compiled in accordance with 'Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford', thirty-eighth edition, completely revised 1978 at the Oxford University Press.

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List of Plates

1. Rings and spherical satellites of Saturn. Radius of Saturn is 60,330 km (37,490 mi).
(a) Rings
(b) Spherical satellites
2. Saturn, second largest planet in the solar system, exhibiting circularly complete rings.
3. A luminous source appears in the A-ring of Saturn.
4. Conceptualization of the incomplete A ring in a polar view of Saturn's northern hemisphere, using Earth as a comparable reference measure.
5. Efflux from along the length of a slender body, exhausting at both ends, generates the A-ring.
6. A slender vehicle forms an A-ring trail which includes a luminous source.
7. Formation of the Enke division.
8. A second vehicle substantiates the process by which the outer A-ring and the Enke division are formed.
9. Partially developed ring system exhibiting a transversely positioned cylindrical vehicle in the B-ring.
10. Emitting vehicle stationed outside the A-ring encompasses the F-ring location.
11. Saturn, five Saturnian moons and an unexpected luminous image.
12. Pictorialization of luminous image in positional relationship to Saturn, the A, B and E rings, six near moons and their orbital paths.
13. Enlargement of luminous image revealing a nearby slender vehicle within the E ring.
14. Sector of southern hemisphere of Saturn showing cloud strata, a luminous point, location of a lightning source and a slender vehicle. (Picture exposure has been made to favor dark region at planet horizon.)
15. Luminous point of plate 14 essentially is an arc light whose apparent power source is a remote vehicle capable of generating paths carrying electricity.
16. Two lightning bolts appear in and above Saturn's cloud tops. Photograph is an enlargement of plate 14 in the area labeled "lightning location".
17. A colorful, large-scale narrow-band disruption in Saturn's rings extending across the entire ring system.
18. Luminous sources provide clue to presence of electromagnetic vehicles as a causative mechanism for a filled Cassini gap and an apparent ring shift.
19. Vehicle and ejecta in the Cassini gap in relation to an A-ring discontinuity, an apparent ring shift and a luminous source.
20. Apparent ring shift and band discontinuity in relation to two electromagnetic vehicles in the Cassini gap.
21. Braided strands, a braiding unit and cross flow between discontinuity boundaries at the B-ring inner edge.
22. B-ring emissions become C-ring constituents.
23. Non-uniformly luminescent F ring in positional relationship to A-ring components and a shepherding satellite.
24. Segments of F-ring close-up showing that luminosity derives from emissively active core material.
(a) Region (1), plate 23
(b) Region (2), plate 23
25. Non-uniformly luminescent F-ring of plate 23 exposed to reveal inter-connections between the F-ring and A-ring outer edge.
26. Photograph of braided F-ring exposed to reveal a large coupled object.
27. Three fineness ratio 13 vehicles having multiple unit sizes of 1, 2 and 4 closely satisfy the planar dimensional requirements for forming the A, B, C and D Saturnian rings. View is perpendicular to the ring plane.
28. A simplified electromagnetic vehicle in different attitude angles for two positions during formation of the inner-Enke A ring.
29. A dark blue latitudinal stripe in Saturn's atmosphere emanates from an object identifiable as a probable electromagnetic vehicle component.
30. Salient features of an operational electromagnetic vehicle.
31. Front-end appearance of an electromagnetic vehicle as rendered from plate 30.
32. Luminescently active landscape on Dione.
33. Dione's narrow-band illuminated topography showing various types of emission.
34. Dione's narrow-band illuminated topography evidencing widespread emissive activity.
35. Macro-views of Dione showing curvi-linear surface markings and duality in surface lighting.
(a) Photographic identifications
(b) Pictorial identification aids
36. Macro-scopic composite view showing Dione amidst an impinging electromagnetic flow field.
37. Iapetus exhibiting dichotomous facial topography adjacent an active zone populated with circular and elongated light sources.
38. Composite photograph of Iapetus showing illumination by, and a peripheral linking to, an electromagnetic vehicle.
39. Micro-photographic montage showing Iapetus subjected to an electro-potential field created by an electromagnetic vehicle.
40. Electro-potential flow field for a conducting sphere located between bi-level voltage sources.
41. Network of electrical current and equi-potential paths calculated for a sphere in ideal flow.
42. Illustration of Iapetus constrained by the electro-potential field of an electromagnetic vehicle as rendered from plates 38 and 39.
43. Mare Orientale as portrayed on an official NASA moon globe.
44. Configuration interpretation of lunar markings at Mare Orientale utilizing an official NASA moon globe.
45. An electromagnetic vehicle and a NASA moon globe co-scaled and positioned to illustrate formation of Mare Orientale.

Mare Orientale, anciently imprinted on Earth's moon by an "E.M.V.",

remains a demonstrative statement of awesome power.

Photograph, which includes only part of the affected area,

is a mosaic assembled by NASA from circumlunar flights.

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