by William Thoma
extracted from Nexus Magazine
Volume 8, Number 6 (October-November
2001)
from
CruinthenEXUS Website
William Thomas
specializes in health and environment issues.
His award-winning
writing has appeared in more than 50 publications in
eight countries.
His editorial
commentaries have been published in The Globe and Mail,
Toronto Star, Vancouver Sun and Times-Colonist
newspapers as well as Earth Island Journal and
Ecodecision magazines.
He has also
appeared on CBC radio and TV, CNN and
New Zealand
national television.
His articles,
"Poison from the Sky: the 'Chemtrails' Crisis" and
"Probing the 'Chemtrails' Conundrum", were published in
NEXUS 6/03 and 7/02
respectively.
He can be contacted
by email at
willthomas@telus.net,
or via his
Lifeboat News website. |
Under the banner of some
top-secret scientific agenda,
the US military continues to
weave chemical-laden contrails in the skies,
causing health problems for
unprotected people on the ground.
For nearly three years, chemtrail
observers have hoped an official would step forward to explain the
origin and purpose of broad white plumes criss-crossing the skies
above a dozen allied nations.
Their wait is over...
It was nearly noon when S.T. Brendt awoke and entered the
kitchen of her country home in Parsonsfield, Maine. As she poured
her first cup of coffee, the late night reporter for WMWV Radio
could not have guessed that her life was minutes away from drastic
change.
Her partner Lou Aubuchont was
already up, puzzling over what he had seen in the sky a half-hour
before. The fat puffy plumes arching up over the horizon were unlike
any contrail he had ever seen, even during his hitch in the Navy.
Like breath exhaled on a winter's day, the contrails he was used to
seeing would flare briefly in the stratosphere as hot moist engine
exhaust flash-freezes into a stream of ice-crystals. These
pencil-thin condensation trails are pretty to watch but short-lived,
subliming into invisibility as exhaust gases cool quickly to the
surrounding air temperature.
But in late 1997, Aubuchont started observing thicker 'trails
extending from horizon to horizon. Hanging in the sky long after
their creators had flown from view, these expanding white ribbons
would invariably be interwoven by more thick lines left by unmarked
jets, Air Force white or silver in colour.
On this March 12th morning in 2001, Lou did not mention his sighting
as S.T. indulged in caffeine. Sipping gratefully, she glanced out
the window. It looked like another gorgeous, cloudless day. But not
quite. Brendt baulked at several chalk marks scrawled across the
crystalline blue sky.
"Contrails or chemtrails?" she jokingly
remarked. Lou got up and looked. What kind of clouds run exactly
side by side in a straight line? he wondered. It's just too perfect
to happen naturally.
When he said he wasn't sure, S.T.
stopped smiling and went outside.
Looking up towards the southeast over West Pond, she spotted the
first jet. A second jet was laying billowing white banners to the
north. Both aircraft appeared to be at over 30,000 feet. Turning her
gaze due west, Brendt saw two more lines extending over the horizon.
She called Lou. Within 45 minutes the couple counted 30 jets. This
isn't right, S.T. thought.
We just don't have that kind of air
traffic here. While Lou kept counting, she went inside and started
calling airports. One official she reached was guarded but friendly.
He had relatives in West Pond.
The Air Traffic Control manager told Brendt her sighting was
"unusual". His radars showed nine commercial jets during the same
45-minute span. From her location, he said, she should have been
able to see one plane.
And the other twenty-nine? The FAA official confided off the record
that he had been ordered "by higher civil authority" to re-route
inbound European airliners away from a "military exercise" in the
area.
"Of course, they wouldn't give me
any of the particulars and I don't ask," he explained. "I just
do my job."
Excited and puzzled by this information,
S.T. and Lou got into their car and headed down Route 160.
Looking in any direction they could see
five or six jets flying at over 30,000 feet. Never in the dozen
years they'd lived in rural Maine had they seen so much aerial
activity.
A former US Navy Intelligence courier, Aubuchont was used to
large-scale military exercises. But he told S.T. he had never seen
anything this big. "It looked like an invasion," he later recounted.
Another driver almost went off the road as he leaned over his
dashboard trying to look up. As they passed, he acknowledged them
with a nod.
As far as they could see stretched line after line. Two giant grids
were especially blatant. Instead of dissipating like normal
contrails, these sky trails grew wider and wider and began to merge.
Looking towards the Sun, Aubuchont saw what appeared like "an oil
and water mixture" reflecting a prismatic band of colors.
He couldn't call it a rainbow. Rainbows
aren't sinister.
As Lou and S.T. completed their errands, the jets kept them company,
leaving lines and even circles that resembled smoke rings. Even
living near Kennedy, LaGuardia and Newark jetports, Aubuchont had
never seen so many big jets performing identical maneuvers in the
same sky. When they returned to Parsonsfield around four, the lines
were starting to merge into a dingy haze.
Richard Dean called back. After receiving S.T.'s message, the
assistant WMWV news director had gone outside with other news staff
and counted 370 lines in skies usually devoid of aerial activity.
Brendt put in another call to the FAA official. He had never heard
of chemtrails. In their first face-to-face interview, the
chain-smoking controller responsible for air traffic over the
northeastern seaboard repeated his earlier statements on tape.
Similar military activities were ongoing in other regions, he added.
On his 'scopes' he could track the
tankers flying north into Canadian airspace.
Speaking before witnesses at WMWV on condition of strict anonymity,
our "Deep Sky" source answered a series of yes/no questions I helped
Brendt prepare when she contacted me.
After nearly three years on this case, I wanted to corroborate
extremely high levels of aluminum [aluminium] powder found in
samples of rainwater falling through thick sky plumes over Espanola,
Ontario, in the spring of 1998.
The Espanola lab tests were conducted after residents began
complaining to the provincial environment ministry. Severe
headaches, chronic joint pain, dizziness, sudden extreme fatigue,
acute asthma attacks and feverless "flu-like" symptoms over a
50-square-mile area coincided with what they termed "months of
'spraying'" by photo-identified US Air Force tanker planes.
The USAF denied the intrusions. But former Ontario Provincial Police
Officer and Supreme Court expert witness Ted Simola reported
lingering Xs and numerous white trails, some of which "just ended"
as if they had been shut off but remained in the sky.
Another Espanola resident told me that mental confusion and
short-term memory loss were so prevalent that forgetting where their
cars were parked had become "a standing joke" in the tiny town.
On November 18, 1998, the people of Espanola petitioned Parliament.
Addressing the Canadian government on their behalf, defence critic
Gordon Earle explained:
"Over 500 residents of the Espanola
area have signed a petition raising concern over possible
government involvement in what appears to be aircraft emitting
visible aerosols. They have found high traces of aluminum and
quartz in particulate and rainwater samples.
"These concerns combined with associated respiratory ailments
have led these Canadians to take action and seek clear answers
from this government. The petitioners call upon Parliament to
repeal any law that would permit the dispersal of military chaff
or of any cloud-seeding substance whatsoever by domestic or
foreign military aircraft without the informed consent of the
citizens of Canada thus affected."
The Ministry of Defence eventually
replied:
"It's not us."
Which was true.
While the US Air Force counts 650
four-engine KC-135 Stratotankers and 50 KC-10 Extenders in its
active inventory, Canadian Forces do not fly armadas of tankers.
But they do operate the biggest radar
installation in Canada at CFB Comox on Vancouver Island, easily
capable of tracking the American formations coming up from the
south.
"Was the classified operation a
radar experiment?" we asked Deep Sky.
"That wasn't what I was told."
Were ATC radars "enhanced or degraded",
we wanted to know. The barium spread in exercises conducted out of
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base acts as an electrolyte, enhancing
conductivity of radar and radio waves.
"Wright Pat" has also long been deeply
engaged in HAARP's electromagnetic warfare program.
A SKY SHIELD
TO COMBAT GLOBAL WARMING?
The puzzle pieces fell into place with Deep Sky's revelation that
ATC radars were being "degraded" by tanker-released particles
showing up as a "haze" on their screens.
This radar characteristic matched the
high concentrations of aluminum powder found along with a
preponderance of quartz particles in Espanola's chemtrail-contaminated
rainwater.
The tankers' aluminum powder emissions also matched the Welsbach
patent. Issued in 1994 to the Hughes aerospace giant "for Reduction
of Global Warming", the sky shield blueprint calls for dispensing
microscopic particles of aluminum oxide and other reflective
materials into the upper atmosphere to reflect one or two per cent
of incoming sunlight.
Computer simulations by Ken Caldeira
at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory calculated that this would
be enough to stop warming over 85 per cent of the planet, despite an
anticipated doubling of carbon in the atmosphere within the next 50
years.
Lawrence Livermore priced the aerial spray program at US$1 billion
dollars a year--a cheap fix to maintain massive petroleum profits in
the face of Kyoto's internationally agreed carbon cutbacks.
Livermore's founder, Edward Teller, lobbied hard for another
chance to play with planetary processes.
At the 1998 International Seminar on
Planetary Emergencies, the Father of the H-bomb presented his Next
Big Idea. Having earlier pressed for detonating nuclear bombs to
carve new harbors out of American coastlines, Teller now called for
reflective chemicals to be spread like mirror-shades over the Earth.
Or at least over allies who could agree in secret for this
unprecedented geoengineering experiment to be carried out over their
unsuspecting constituents.
In a draft report leaked to me soon after it appeared for peer
review in May 2000, an expert panel chosen among 3,000 atmospheric
scientists looked at Caldeira's computer simulations and agreed that
Teller's scheme might work. But the IPCC warned against
unpredictable upsets of the atmosphere, as well as against angry
populaces reacting to,
"the associated whitening of the
visual appearance of the sky".
Caldeira was so concerned he went
public, warning that deflecting sunlight would further cool the
stratosphere, concentrating icy clouds of ozone-gobbling CFCs that
could destroy Earth's solar radiation shield.
Was the sky shield experiment already underway? Deep Sky hinted that
it was.
Were the tankers involved in weather modification? Our FAA source
hesitated before responding.
"That approximates what I was told."
For the third interview we rephrased our
key question.
Were the tankers repeatedly observed on
ATC radars involved in climate modification? I caught my breath as
Deep Sky confirmed that this is what he was told was the object of
the missions.
Here at last was our "smoking nuke" admission. After years of
"airliner" double-speak, we could now corroborate Deep Sky's report
of military aircraft dispensing reflective materials with an earlier
report by a Canadian aviation official.
On December 8, 2000, Terry Stewart, the Manager for Planning
and Environment at the Victoria International Airport, had broken
this story wide open when he responded to a caller's complaint the
previous day of Xs, circles and grids being woven over the British
Columbia capitol.
Leaving a message on an answering
machine tape, later heard by more than 15 million radio listeners,
the public servant explained:
"It's a military exercise, US and
Canadian Air Force exercise that's going on. They wouldn't give
me any specifics on it."
Stewart added that he found the
incident--one of hundreds reported over Canada's west coast since
the fall of 1998 - "very odd".
Tasked with defending Canadian airspace in the region, CFB Comox
chose instead to defend a classified collaboration. "No military
operation is taking place," the base information officer tersely
told me when I called for details.
But Stewart later told the Vancouver
Courier that his information had come directly from CFB Comox.
CONTRAILS vs
CHEMTRAILS
Across the strait from the island air base, a concerned mother of
three children was noticing that people in Gibsons were coming down
with ailments that coincided with constant chemtrail activity.
Suzanne Smart's husband contracted
asthma; their children were always sniffling and coughing. Smart
ended up in the small coastal town's Emergency unit with a sore
throat, "super-stiff" neck, pounding headache and ears "ringing like
crazy". Even her teeth hurt.
It was all very nerve-wracking. Smart contacted a Transport Canada
investigator who had noticed the jet trails too and was convinced it
was normal contrail activity.
Why he took special notice of normal
contrails was not explained. But the TC official told Smart he hoped
the Canadian equivalent of the FAA would be notified of any military
exercises taking place.
On June 17, 2001, after photographing massive plumes over Gibsons,
Smart checked with aviation authorities and found that no airline
flight plans had been filed for that airspace at that time. Official
weather data showed that when her photos of multiple white plumes
were taken, the 30 per cent humidity at 30,000 and 35,000 feet was
less than half that needed for contrails to form.
As NOAA meteorologist Thomas Schlatter explains, for even
short-lived condensation trails to form, "we're talking temperatures
lower than about minus 76 degrees Fahrenheit, and humidity at jet
altitudes of 70 per cent or more".
Smart sent her findings to Transport Canada with a request for an
explanation of how contrails could form when they couldn't. "It is
my understanding," she wrote, "that the only way to form jet trails
at yesterday's low humidity is to introduce very fine particulates
into the atmosphere."
Smart's homework hit like hardball. According to the National Center
for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, the only way to form
artificial clouds in warm dry air is to introduce enough
particulates into the atmosphere to attract and accrete all
available moisture into visible vapor.
If repeated often enough, the resulting
rainless haze can lead to drought.
Following standard procedure to ignore all evidence contradicting
the official line, Transport Canada's Randy Phillips responded by
advising Smart to check out the "urban legends" website ridiculing
chemtrails.
Col. Walter Washbaugh, Chief of the Congressional Inquiry
Division for the Secretary of the Air Force in Washington, DC, also
calls chemtrails "a hoax".
In an April 20, 2001, letter to a US
senator, Washbaugh blamed the increased number of contrails on,
"significant civil aviation growth
in the past decade".
He was right.
A National Science Foundation study has
found that, in certain heavy traffic corridors, artificial cloud
cover has increased by as much as 20 per cent since the jet age took
off.
Dr Patrick Minnis, a CERES
atmospheric researcher and ardent chemtrails critic at NASA's
Langley Research Center, reports that cirrus cloud cover over the
United States is up five per cent overall because particulates in
engine exhaust are acting as cloud-forming nuclei. As the number of
flights currently exceeds 15 million annually worldwide, the NSF,
NASA and EPA predict artificial clouds will intensify as air travel
continues climbing sharply.
What about chemtrails? Colonel Washbaugh ascribed widely reported
grid patterns to overlapping aircraft flying north-south, east-west
airways. The only thing wrong with this explanation, an air traffic
controller told me in Texas, is that US airways do not run
north-south.
The biggest laugh came when the colonel told the senator: "The Air
Force is not conducting any weather modification and has no plans to
do so in the future."
In fact, attempts to steer hurricanes by spraying heat-robbing
chemicals in their paths began in the 1950s. The recipe for creating
"cirrus shields" was outlined in an unusually arrogant US Air Force
study. Subtitled "Owning
the Weather by 2025", the 1996 report explained how
"weather force specialists" were dispersing chemicals behind
high-flying tanker aircraft in a process the air force calls "aerial
obscuration".
Official denials reached new altitudes of absurdity when another
colonel claimed:
"The US Air Force does not conduct
spraying operations over populated areas."
USAF spokeswoman Margaret Gidding told a
Spokane newspaper:
"The Air Force doesn't do anything
that emits anything other than a normal contrail, which is
vapor."
So were their replies.
Apparently Anderson and Gidding had
forgotten how US Air Force spray planes crippled a country and a
culture by dispensing over Vietnam thousands of tons of "Agent
Orange" defoliants containing dioxin toxins as hazardous as
plutonium.
SEEING IS
BELIEVING?
In the end, it has proved impossible to continue skywriting giant
billboards advertising government duplicity, while insisting they
are not there.
By the summer of 2001, the controversy
entered a new phase. Pictures of contrails were being distributed to
newspapers by the Associated Press, and "chemtrails" could be
overheard in coffee shop conversations across an entire continent.
When it comes to chemtrails, seeing is disbelieving official
disinformation. As public awareness grows, people like war veteran
David Oglesby are looking up.
The 11 fat plumes fanning out over his
Coarsegold, California, home did it for Oglesby last June.
"The trails formed a grid pattern,"
he told WorldNetDaily News. "Some stretched from horizon to
horizon. Some began abruptly, and others ended abruptly. They
hung in the air for an extended period of time and gradually
widened into wispy clouds resembling spider webs."
A retired US Air Force radar tech named
Shimera called a colonel responsible for all military operations in
central California.
"What would you say if I said there
are three aircraft up there right now?" Shimera asked. "Are they
there?"
"No," the colonel replied. "They are not there."
The Houston study is not so easily
dismissed.
Mark Steadham was looking for
contrails when he started observing the skies over this busy Texas
hub last winter. Using FAA tracking software called Flight Explorer
to identify each aircraft, Steadham clocked contrails trailing from
Boeing, McDonnell-Douglas and Airbus airliners.
All but two of these condensation trails
sublimed into invisibility within five to 20 seconds; the only
exceptions persisted for two and 25 minutes.
Flight Explorer does not show altitudes for military jets, but,
according to the FAA, tankers and transports usually transit
continental airspace at around 30,000 feet to ensure safe separation
from airliners flying between 35,000 and 39,000 feet. Military
"heavies" flying below 30,000 feet should not leave contrails at
all.
Major-General Gregory Barlow
confirms that Air Force tankers do not perform refueling missions at
contrail-forming altitudes.
But Steadham found just the opposite in his study. While observing
air traffic for 63 days, the Houston skywatcher found that thick
white plumes laid by similar-sized military aircraft--at the same
time, in the same airspace as 20-second airliner contrails--lingered
for four to eight hours.
GLOBAL
CHEMTRAIL REPORTS
Sightings of oddly lingering plumes sometimes resembling rocket
trails are not confined to North American skies.
While on leave in Italy in the summer of 1999, the US Navy's Kitty
Chastain sat on her hotel balcony and watched aerial grids being
laid all day just offshore over the Bay of Naples.
"People were coughing all over
Naples," she wrote.
On the bus ride in from the base,
Chastain explained chemtrails to many sailors with hacking coughs.
On October 12 that same year, a Paris correspondent reported,
"...heavy activity from all
directions, X upon X. The pilots here seem to like to play
chicken; they fly right at each other and then one will swerve,
their trails forming pitchforks and Xs."
No contrails were being left by "normal
planes" in the same skies.
But the next day, planes flying over
Paris "from all directions" obscured the sky with more Xs that
continued into the evening.
In Spain on April 27, 2000, American tourist John Hendricks
dashed off a quick email from El Café de Internet:
"Were we surprised to see that the
chemtrails are as bad here as they are anywhere, both in
Mallorca and in Barcelona."
He and his wife "took plenty of
pictures" before noticing a postcard they'd bought captured a
perfect chemtrail.
"Add Sweden to the list," a Swedish
resident wrote after spotting eight to 10 parallel 'trails and
contracting flu for the first time in years. Weather conditions
at the time were not conducive to contrail formation. "I know
the commercial routes, and we have a bunch of them, but not
where these trails were."
Chemtrail activity has been reported in
at least 14 allied nations including Australia, Belgium, Britain,
Canada, France, Germany, Holland, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand,
Scotland, Sweden and the United States.
Croatian chemtrails began the day after
that country joined NATO.
ATMOSPHERIC
ORGANISMS
Many chemtrail observers note that chemtrails are often laid down at
the leading edge of approaching frontal systems.
While rare "sundogs" form ice-crystal
circles around the Sun in advance of strong winds, much more common
"chemdogs" create prismatic solar halos during stable weather.
More and more observers, like this Vancouver resident, wonder why
"on the days of heavy spraying you will notice a rainbow around the
Sun". Many more people who have been healthy all their lives wonder
why they keep getting desperately sick whenever the chemplanes
appear.
Unlike the refined aluminum in cooking utensils that is tenuously
linked to Alzheimer's disease, aluminum oxide is as inert as sand
and is not considered toxic.
But in a story headlined "Tiny particles can kill", the August 5,
2000, edition of New Scientist reported that,
"city-dwellers in Europe and the US
are dying young because of microscopic particles in the air".
Looking at byproducts of hydrocarbon
burning, a Harvard School of Public Health team determined
particulates with a diameter less than 10 microns as being a serious
threat to public health. (A human hair is about 100 microns across.)
In 1987, US environmental regulations
limited airborne concentrations of particles less than 10 microns in
diameter.
But air pollution has grown worse.
On April 21, 2001, the New York Times
warned:
"These microscopic motes are able to
infiltrate the tiniest compartments in the lungs and pass
readily into the bloodstream, and have been most strongly tied
to illness and early death, particularly in people who are
already susceptible to respiratory problems."
David Hawkins, a lawyer for the
Natural Resources Defense Council, speaks for,
"about a quarter-million Americans
who have died prematurely as result of fine-particle exposure".
That number may be boosted sharply by
chemtrail spraying.
On December 14, 2000, the New England
Journal of Medicine reported that inhaling particulate matter of a
size 10 microns or smaller leads to,
"a 5% increased death rate within 24
hours".
Teller's sunscreen calls for spraying 10
million tons of talcum-fine reflective particulates of 10 to 100
micron sizes.
Allergic reactions to airborne fallout do not explain the entire
syndrome of chemtrail-related illness. Falling blood temperatures
accompanying symptoms of intense yet feverless "flu" is a classic
sign of chronic fungal infection.
Blamed for a host of auto-immune
dysfunction, from chronic fatigue to fibromyalgia and multiple
sclerosis, the fungus within us also signals its presence in sharp
joint pain, sudden extreme fatigue, sudden dizziness, mental
confusion and short-term memory loss.
After nearly three years of intense investigation, I have found no
proof that chemtrails constitute a deliberate biological attack.
Research for my books on the Gulf biowar
and earlier germ warfare experiments (Bringing The War Home;
Scorched Earth) show that bio-attacks are conducted at low level and
never in daylight, in order to avoid ultraviolet sterilization of
toxins.
The biohazards in chemtrails may be bad LUC.
The "Law of Unintended Consequences"
states that every human intervention creates unpredictable
consequences. Chemtrails can cause drought by soaking up all
available moisture, and drooping chemical curtains fall through vast
colonies of UV-mutated bacteria, viruses and fungi living in the
upper atmosphere. Could these malevolent micro-organisms be
piggy-backing on the plumes?
A series of balloon flights made in the US during the 1960s
collected startling stratospheric samples swarming with bacteria and
fungi as well as viruses bigger than any known at the time.
If viruses fall from the sky, most would land in the sea. Dipping
their beakers into coastal seawater, scientists found as many as 10
million large virus-like particles per quart. As one researcher
said:
"No one knows where they come from
or what they do. Their size and shape match the virus-like
particles found in the upper atmosphere."
Other life-forms, even tinier than
bacteria, are also thriving in our atmosphere.
The discoverer of nanobacteria, Dr
Robert Folk, describes the most populous organisms on Earth as,
"dwarf forms of bacteria, about
one-tenth the diameter and 1/1000th the volume of ordinary
bacteria".
The Professor Emeritus at the University
of Texas figures that these ultra-tiny bugs are "possibly an order
of magnitude more abundant" than normal bacteria that swarm
everywhere.
Since chemtrails are commonly spread over populated areas where
temperature differentials are greatest and solar shading most
needed, it is probable that particulate-laden plumes are
precipitating airborne viruses, bacteria and fungi down into human
lungs and respiratory systems unable to recognize or resist the
alien invaders.
This possibility was further strengthened when Dr Folk chose a
lightweight metal as a matrix to grow bugs too small to be seen by
optical microscopes. Folk viewed under electronic magnification
entire ecologies of swarming nanobac.
The bacteria were feasting on (he called
it "metabolising") aluminum.
PUBLIC CONCERN
SPREADS
Are we worried yet? An August 2001 WorldNetDaily poll asked
Americans:
"Do you think 'chemtrails' are
anything to worry about?" Forty-three per cent answered "Yes";
another 30 per cent wanted more information on chemtrails - a
total 73 per cent of US respondents concerned about chemtrails.
As lawyers across the US discuss filing
the "Mother of All Lawsuits" against Boeing, Bush and the US Air
Force, their case now appears tight enough to force further
disclosures.
The last glaring evidential gap - photos
of ground-based chemtrail operations - may soon be forthcoming.
What to do?
A British campaigner involved in another bid to reclaim individual
sovereignty and local autonomy held out the best hope for change
when she told a CBC radio interviewer:
"The only way to get government to
do anything is if enough people stand up and shout, 'This is
ridiculous!'"
Stay tuned.
With chemtrails confirmed as a military
operation aimed at climate modification, the biggest trial is about
to begin--in the court of public opinion.
References
-
Vancouver Courier chemtrails
coverage: www.vancourier.com/085101/news/085101nn1.html
-
WorldNetDaily chemtrails
coverage:
www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=24152
-
Mark Steadham's Houston
contrails study: www.chemtrailcentral.com/report.shtml
-
"Tiny Bits of Soot Tied to
Illness", New York Times, April 21, 2001, www.nytimes.com/2001/04/21/science/21AIR.html
-
NOAA meteorologist Thomas
Schlatter: www.weatherwise.org/qr/qry.chemtrail.html
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