June 01, 2017

from MessageToEagle Website
 

The Siberian craters are small in comparison to these giant methane "monsters" that have been discovered on the Arctic Sea floor.

Methane, a potent greenhouse gas is still leaking in large amounts from the enormous craters that formed about 12,000 years ago.

The Barents Sea,

where the team found and studied the craters.
K. ANDREASSEN/CAGE

"The crater area was covered by a thick ice sheet during the last ice age, much as West Antarctica is today. As climate warmed, and the ice sheet collapsed, enormous amounts of methane were abruptly released.

 

This created massive craters that are still actively seeping methane" says Karin Andreassen, first author of the study (Massive Blow-Out Craters formed by Hydrate-controlled Methane expulsion from the Arctic Seafloor) and professor at CAGE 'Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate.'
 

Over 100 of the Methane Craters Are Up To One Kilometer Wide

A few of these craters were first observed in the 90-ties.

However, using new researchers were able to discover that the craters cover a much larger area than previously thought. Over one hundred of the methane craters are up to one kilometer wide.

In comparison, the huge blow-out craters on land on the Siberian peninsulas Yamal and Gydan are 50-90 meters wide, but similar processes may have been involved in their formation.

 

Giant sinkhole in Siberia
The new Yamal crater is in the area's Taz district

near the village of Antipayuta and has

a diameter of about 49ft (15 meters).

Read more
 

The Arctic ocean floor hosts vast amounts of methane trapped as hydrates, which are ice-like, solid mixtures of gas and water.

These hydrates are stable under high pressure and cold temperatures. The ice sheet provides perfect conditions for subglacial gas hydrate formation, in the past as well as today.

Today more than 600 gas flares are identified in and around these craters, releasing the greenhouse gas steadily into the water column. Researchers say it's nothing compared to the blow-outs of the greenhouse gas that followed the deglaciation.

The amounts of methane that were released must have been quite impressive.
 

There are several hundred craters

in the area the study looked at.

Over one hundred of them

are up to 1,000 meters wide.
 

Some 2000 meters of ice loaded what now is ocean floor with heavy weight. Under the ice, methane gas from deeper hydrocarbon reservoirs moved upward, but could not escape.

It was stored as gas hydrate in the sediment, constantly fed by gas from below, creating over-pressured conditions.

"As the ice sheet rapidly retreated, the hydrates concentrated in mounds, and eventually started to melt, expand and cause over-pressure.

 

The principle is the same as in a pressure cooker:

if you do not control the release of the pressure, it will continue to build up until there is a disaster in your kitchen.

These mounds were over-pressured for thousands of years, and then the lid came off.

 

They just collapsed releasing methane into the water column" says Andreassen.

Similar Processes Are Ongoing Under Ice Sheets Today

Major methane venting events such as this appear to be rare, and may therefore easily be overlooked.
 

The massive craters were formed around 12,000 years ago,

but are still seeping methane and other gases.

Credit: Andreia Plaza Faverola/CAGE
 

"Despite their infrequency, the impact of such blow-outs may still be greater than impact from slow and gradual seepage.

 

It remains to be seen whether such abrupt and massive methane release could have reached the atmosphere. We do estimate that an area of hydrocarbon reserves twice the size of Russia was directly influenced by ice sheets during past glaciation.

 

This means that a much larger area may have had similar abrupt gas releases in the overlapping time period" says Andreassen

Another fact to consider is that there are reserves of hydrocarbons beneath the load of West Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets today.

"Our study provides the scientific community with a good past analogue for what may happen to future methane releases in front of contemporary, retreating ice sheets" concludes Andreassen.