by Cheyenne Macdonald
29 November 2016
from Dailymail Website





Images captured by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory

from Nov 14-18 reveal just a handful of barely-visible spots

on the surface of the sun, which is otherwise as blank as a cue ball
 

The sun is the most critical determinant of terrestrial weather, and the lack of sun spots explains the rapid cooling over the last several months.

 

If sun spots, or solar storms, do not resume soon, the cooling trend will continue.

Source

The 'Dead Sun'

Stunning NASA video reveals barren solar surface with lowest level of activity since 2011

Footage from NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory show nearly spotless sun.
The space agency says the sun hit its lowest activity level since 2011.
Sun follows a pendulum-like 11-year cycle of activity, and peaked in 2014.
While this is not unusual, some say trend could send us into 'mini ice age'.

The face of the sun was nearly spotless this month as our star marches toward solar minimum, hitting its lowest activity level since 2011.

Images captured by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) from Nov 14-18 reveal just a handful of barely-visible spots on the surface of the sun, which is otherwise as blank as a cue ball.

The sun follows a pendulum-like pattern of activity over roughly an 11-year period, and while scientists say this behavior is not unusual, some have warned the current trend could send Earth into a 'mini ice age.'

According to NASA, the number of sunspots appears to be dwindling faster than expected. But, following the last activity peak in early 2014, they say the solar minimum shouldn't come until 2021.

The researchers say they expect to see more, and larger, sunspots in the time between - but, only time will tell.
 

THE SOLAR CYCLE

Conventional wisdom holds that solar activity swings back and forth like a simple pendulum.

At one end of the cycle, there is a quiet time with few sunspots and flares. At the other end, solar max brings high sunspot numbers and frequent solar storms.

It's a regular rhythm that repeats every 11 years. Reality is more complicated.

Astronomers have been counting sunspots for centuries, and they have seen that the solar cycle is not perfectly regular.

We're currently in Cycle 24, which began in 2008.

In late June, it was revealed that the sun had entered the quietest period for more than a century.

Vencore Weather claimed the sun had gone into 'cue-ball' mode for the second time that month, with images from NASA showing no large visible sunspots on its surface.
 

We've had the smallest number of sunspots in this cycle since Cycle 14, which reached its maximum in February of 1906.

On June 4^th, the sun went completely spotless and activity remained low for around four days.

This follows another period of inactivity in February when another image of NASA showed the sun in 'cue-ball mode'.

'The blank sun is a sign that the next solar minimum is approaching and there will be an increasing number of spotless days over the next few years,' wrote Vencore Weather.

The sun is in the currently in

its quietest period for more than a century.

For the second time this month,

the sun has gone into 'cue ball' mode,

with images from NASA showing

no large visible sunspots on its surface
 

The previous solar cycle, Solar Cycle 23, peaked in 2000-2002 with many furious solar storms.

During Solar Max, huge sunspots and intense solar flares are a daily occurrence. Auroras appear in Florida. Radiation storms knock out satellites. The last such episode took place in the years around 2000-2001.

During Solar Minimum, the opposite occurs. Solar flares are almost non-existent while whole weeks go by without a single, tiny sunspot to break the monotony of the blank sun. This is what we are experiencing now.

The longest minimum on record, the Maunder Minimum of 1645-1715, lasted an incredible 70 years.
 

The sun is in the midst of its quietest period

in more than a century.

In February, it was in 'cue ball' mode,

with an incredible image from NASA

showing no large visible sunspots seen on its surface

THE MAUNDER MINIMUM

 

 

The Maunder Minimum (also known as the prolonged sunspot minimum) is the name used for the period starting in about 1645 and continuing to about 1715 when sunspots became exceedingly rare, as noted by solar observers of the time.

It caused London's River Thames to freeze over, and 'frost fairs' became popular.

This period of solar inactivity also corresponds to a climatic period called the 'Little Ice Age' when rivers that are normally ice-free froze and snow fields remained year-round at lower altitudes.

There is evidence that the Sun has had similar periods of inactivity in the more distant past, NASA says.

The connection between solar activity and terrestrial climate is an area of on-going research. Some scientists hypothesize that the dense wood used in Stradivarius instruments was caused by slow tree growth during the cooler period.

Instrument maker Antonio Stradivari was born a year before the start of the Maunder Minimum.

During this period, sunspots were rarely observed and the solar cycle seemed to have broken down completely.

The period of quiet coincided with the Little Ice Age, a series of extraordinarily bitter winters in Earth's northern hemisphere.

Many researchers are convinced that low solar activity, acting in concert with increased volcanism and possible changes in ocean current patterns, played a role in that 17^th century cooling.

A study last year claimed to have cracked predicting solar cycles - and says that between 2020 and 2030 solar cycles will cancel each other out. This, they say, will lead to another 'Maunder minimum' - which has previously been known as a mini ice age when it hit between 1646 and 1715.

The model of the sun's solar cycle produced unprecedentedly accurate predictions of irregularities within the sun's 11-year heartbeat.

Show here is a plot of

the monthly sunspot number so far

for the current cycle (red line)

compared to the mean solar cycle (blue line)

and the similar solar cycle no. 5 (black)



The Frozen Thames, 1677

- an oil painting by Abraham Hondius

shows the old London Bridge during the Maunder Minimum
 

It draws on dynamo effects in two layers of the sun, one close to the surface and one deep within its convection zone.

Predictions from the model suggest that solar activity will fall by 60 per cent during the 2030s to conditions last seen during the 'mini ice age' that began in 1645, according to the results presented by Professor Valentina Zharkova at the National Astronomy Meeting in Llandudno.

The model predicts that the pair of waves become increasingly offset during Cycle 25, which peaks in 2022.

During Cycle 26, which covers the decade from 2030-2040, the two waves will become exactly out of synch and this will cause a significant reduction in solar activity.

'In cycle 26, the two waves exactly mirror each other - peaking at the same time but in opposite hemispheres of the Sun,' said Zharkova.

'Their interaction will be disruptive, or they will nearly cancel each other.

'We predict that this will lead to the properties of a 'Maunder minimum'.

Montage of images of solar activity

between August 1991 and September 2001

taken by the Yohkoh Soft X-ray Telescope,

showing variation in solar activity during a sunspot cycle
 

Video

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