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Work hard, become successful, then you'll be happy. At least, that's what many of us were taught by our parents, teachers and peers.
The idea that we must pursue success in order to experience happiness is enshrined in the United States' most,
Most people want to be happy, so we chase success like a proverbial carrot on a stick - thinking that contentment lurks just the other side of getting into college, landing a dream job, being promoted or making six figures.
But for many chasers, both success and happiness remain perpetually out of reach.
The problem is that the equation might be backwards...
In psychological science, 'happiness' relates to 'subjective wellbeing' and 'positive emotions' (we use the terms interchangeably).
Those with greater wellbeing tend to be more satisfied with their lives, and also to experience more positive emotions and fewer negative ones. Research suggests that it's these positive emotions - such as excitement, joy, and serenity - that promote success in the workplace.
Let's look first at the cross-sectional studies that examine people at a single point. This allows researchers to determine whether happiness and success are correlated.
Relative to their glummer peers, happier people,
Notably, it might be that bosses give happy employees higher performance evaluations due to a halo effect, where a favorable impression in one area (such as happiness) influences opinion in another area (such as work ability):
However, there's also some evidence that people with higher wellbeing perform better on a range of work-related tasks:
Happiness is associated with excellent work performance in other areas as well. People who frequently experience positive emotions tend to go above and beyond for their organizations.
They're also less likely to be absent from work or quit their jobs.
People with better wellbeing also tend to earn bigger salaries than those with lower wellbeing.
However, such cross-sectional research has its limits, since it can't establish which comes first:
Longitudinal studies can help here, as they follow people over days, weeks, months or years to see how they've changed over time.
According to the longitudinal literature, people who start out happy eventually become successful, too. The more content a person is at an earlier point in time, the more likely she is to be clear later on about what kind of job she wants, as well as to fill out more job applications, and find employment.
A key study found that young people who reported higher wellbeing than their peers just before graduating from college were more likely to receive follow-up job interviews three months later.
Positive emotions are also predictors of later achievement and earnings.
But it's not enough to establish that happiness comes before success; we want to know, does one cause the other? After all, there could be some unmeasured variable, such as intelligence or extraversion, that's driving both wellbeing and work performance.
Indeed, extraverts are more likely both to be happy and to earn greater incomes.
Well-designed experiments can control for these variables. For example, studies have randomly assigned people to situations that make them feel neutral, negative or positive emotional states, and then measured their subsequent performance on work-related tasks.
These experiments showed that people who are made to feel positive emotions set more ambitious goals, persist at challenging tasks for longer, view themselves and others more favorably, and believe they will succeed.
Happy people's optimistic expectations appear to be realistic, too:
The weight of experimental evidence suggests that happier people outperform less happy people, and that their positive demeanor is probably the cause.
From our review of more than 170 cross-sectional, longitudinal and experimental studies, it's clear that wellbeing promotes career success in many ways.
That's not to say that unhappy people can't succeed - which is just as well, as a sad person reading this and telling herself she must cheer up to be successful is unlikely to help matters!
To the contrary, history demonstrates that depressed individuals such as Abraham Lincoln and Winston Churchill can accomplish incredible feats.
Both negative and positive emotions are adaptive to situations:
So for any business leaders or managers reading this, we'd caution against hiring only overtly happy people or pressuring your employees to be more upbeat.
Such strategies have backfired in the past - as in the case of the mandatory jollity imposed on staff at the US supermarket chain Trader Joe's, where the policy ironically made workers more miserable.
People and companies hoping to boost happiness in a healthier way would have better luck if they introduced positive activities, like performing acts of kindness and expressing gratitude.
The philosopher Bertrand Russell in 1951 said that:
But he went on:
When it comes to making your mark at work, we agree.
If you want to be successful, don't hang around and wait to find happiness: start there instead...
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