by Dr. Joseph Mercola
July 30, 2020
from Mercola Website

Spanish version
 

Story at-a-glance

• There are three types of COVID-19 tests: molecular, antigen and antibody. Molecular and antigen tests detect active infections, whereas the antibody test will tell you if you've developed antibodies in response to a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection
   

• There are seven different coronaviruses known to cause respiratory illness in humans. The antibodies created by these different coronaviruses appear very similar, and recovering from the common cold may trigger a positive antibody test for COVID-19, even if you were never infected with SARS-CoV-2 specifically
   

• While experts at the Mayo Clinic claim cross-reactive antibody tests were an early problem that has been corrected and eliminated, the CDC has not confirmed this
   

• A Singaporean study found common colds caused by the betacoronaviruses OC43 and HKU1 appear to make you more resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that the resulting immunity might last as long as 17 years
   

• Other studies suggest immunity after COVID-19 infection may only last between two and 12 months

Right now, there are three types of COVID-19 tests: ¹

• Molecular - Also known as a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test, this test detects whether genetic material of the virus is present in the sample collected from your throat or sputum (the back of your sinuses)
   

• Antigen - This test, sometimes referred to as "rapid test," detects viral proteins
   

• Antibody - Also known as a serology test, it detects the presence of antibodies in your blood

The first two, molecular and antigen, are so-called "viral tests" that detect active infections, whereas the antibody test will tell you if you've developed antibodies in response to a previous coronavirus infection.

It typically takes your body one to three weeks after an infection clears to start making antibodies against the virus in question.
 

Common Cold Can Trigger Positive COVID-19 Antibody Test

Each of these COVID-19 tests have their issues and controversies.

The problem with antibody testing is that there are seven different coronaviruses known to cause respiratory illness in humans. ²

Four of them cause symptoms associated with the common cold:

• 229E

• NL63

• OC43

• HKU1

In addition to the common cold, OC43 and HKU1 - two of the most commonly encountered betacoronaviruses ³ - are also known to cause,

• bronchitis

• acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

• pneumonia,

...in all age groups. ⁴

The other three human coronaviruses - which are capable of causing more serious respiratory illness - are:

• SARS-CoV

• MERS-CoV

• SARS-CoV-2

The tricky part is that the antibodies created by these different coronaviruses appear very similar, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) admits recovering from the common cold can trigger a positive antibody test for COVID-19, even if you were never infected with SARS-CoV-2 specifically.

As explained on the CDC's "Test for Past Infection" web page: ⁵

"Antibody tests check your blood by looking for antibodies, which may tell you if you had a past infection with the virus that causes COVID-19.

 

Antibodies are proteins that help fight off infections and can provide protection against getting that disease again (immunity). Antibodies are disease specific...

A positive test result shows you may have antibodies from an infection with the virus that causes COVID-19.

 

However, there is a chance a positive result means that you have antibodies from an infection with a virus from the same family of viruses (called coronaviruses), such as the one that causes the common cold."

Unclear if Cross-Reactive Antibody Tests Are Still Being Used

In a July 10, 2020, interview with KTTC news, Mayo Clinic chair of clinical microbiology, Dr. Bobbi Pritt, said: ⁶

"Early on we had labs using tests that have not received that [U.S. Food and Drug Administration] review and some of those tests... may have given you a false positive and detected the normal coronavirus that circulates and causes the common cold.

 

I would say the vast majority have been extensively tested to show that they do not cross react and give you false positives due to the common cold [anymore]."

While experts at the Mayo Clinic claim these cross-reactive antibody tests were an early problem that has since been corrected and eliminated, the CDC does not confirm or deny the accuracy of this statement on its "Test for Past Infection" web page. ⁷

So, it's unclear whether the antibody tests manufactured and used today are still capable of delivering a positive result if you were recently exposed and recovered from the common cold virus.

Back on April 29, 2020, infectious disease specialist and CNN medical analyst Dr. Kent Sepkowitz noted that,

"deciphering between the common cold antibody and the COVID-19 antibody is a real challenge scientifically," ⁸ but that doesn't mean it cannot or hasn't been done.

On a side note, labs are now reporting a shortage of chemicals and disposable pipette tips required to perform COVID-19 tests, which means longer wait times - again.

As Scott Shone, director of the North Carolina State Laboratory of Public Health, told The New York Times, ^9,10 July 23, 2020,

"It's like Groundhog Day. I feel like I lived this day four or five months ago," referring back to the early days of the pandemic when test supplies were in short supply.

Some Coronaviruses May Impart Resilience Against COVID-19

While the CDC warns it's still uncertain whether COVID-19 antibodies prevents reinfection, or if it does, for how long, researchers in Singapore have presented evidence ^11,12,13 suggesting the immunity is likely to be long-lasting.

They discovered common colds caused by the betacoronaviruses OC43 and HKU1 appear to make you more resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that the resulting immunity might last as long as 17 years.

The authors suggest that if you've beat a common cold caused by a OC43 or HKU1 betacoronavirus in the past, you may have a 50/50 chance of having defensive T-cells that can recognize and help defend against SARS-CoV-2.

As reported by the Daily Mail: ¹⁴

"Scientists have found evidence that some immunity may be present for many years due to the body's 'memory' T-cells from attacks by previous viruses with a similar genetic make-up - even among people who have had no known exposure to Covid-19 or SARS …

Blood was taken from 24 patients who had recovered from COVID-19, 23 who had become ill from SARS and 18 who had never been exposed to either SARS or COVID-19...

Half of patients in the group with no exposure to either Covid-19 or SARS possessed T-cells which showed immune response to the animal betacoronaviruses, COVID-19 and SARS.

 

This suggested patients' immunity developed after exposure to common colds caused by betacoronavirus or possibly from other as yet unknown pathogens."

According to the researchers, their findings demonstrate that: ¹⁵

"Virus-specific memory T-cells induced by betacoronavirus infection are long-lasting, which supports the notion that COVID-19 patients would develop long-term T-cell immunity.

 

Our findings also raise the intriguing possibility that infection with related viruses can also protect from or modify the pathology caused by SARS-Cov-2."

Added support for these conclusions were published May 14, 2020, in the journal Cell.

This study ¹⁶ found that not only did 70% of samples obtained from recovered COVID-19 patients have resistance to SARS-CoV-2 on the T-cell level but so did 40% to 60% of people who had not been exposed to the virus.

According to the authors, this suggests there's,

"cross-reactive T cell recognition between circulating 'common cold' coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2."

Other Researchers Report Low Immunity Post-Recovery

The immunity issue isn't entirely cut and dry, though.

Other research, which looked at antibody levels in recovered COVID-19 patients in Germany, found they lost their antibodies after two to three months.

"Clemens Wendtner, a chief physician at the hospital, tested COVID-19 patients for immunity after they had been treated for the disease at the end of January 2020. The tests showed a significant decrease in the number of antibodies," DW reported in a July 14, 2020, article. ¹⁷

"Wendtner says 'neutralizing' antibodies, which stop a viral attack, fell in four out of nine of the patients who were tested, within two to three months. Those findings coincide with a similar investigation done in China.

That study also found that antibodies in COVID-19 patients do not persist in the blood. Further research is still required. But these initial findings suggest that a second infection is possible..."

However, it is important to realize that loss of the ability to determine antibody levels may not necessarily reflect lack of immune protection, as there may be innate cell mediated immunity that provides protection that is not being measured by the humoral antibody production.
 

Will COVID-19 Behave Like the Common Cold?

If reinfection is possible, then COVID-19 would behave much like the common cold and seasonal influenza, which can strike more than once - if not in a single season, then certainly in any given year.

If that's the case, then "immunity passports" and most other COVID-19 interventions, such as school closings and business shutdowns, become even more questionable than they already are.

If the novel coronavirus behaves like common cold viruses, then talk of "immunity passports" and herd immunization is pointless.

If SARS-CoV-2 ends up behaving like other human coronaviruses that cause the common cold, immunity may only last six to 12 months, a European study ¹⁸ says.

Here, they did not look at SARS-CoV-2 antibodies but, rather, antibodies against the other four coronaviruses that cause the common cold, none of which were long-lasting.

According to BGR, which reported the findings: ¹⁹

"'Frequent reinfections at 12 months post-infection and substantial reduction in antibody levels as soon as 6 months post-infection' were observed for those viruses.

If the novel coronavirus behaves the same way, then talk of 'immunity passports' and herd immunization is pointless. A person who recovered from COVID-19 could get it again in six to 12 months without another vaccine shot…

The researchers note that the human coronaviruses are 'biologically dissimilar' and 'have little in common, apart from causing the common cold.'

 

But SARS-CoV-2 doesn't have to be similar to any of them to follow the same immunity pattern."

Is Herd Immunity Against COVID-19 Possible?

The issue of reinfection also raises questions about whether herd immunity is ever going to be possible.

Studies cited by The Daily Mail ²⁰ claim herd immunity against COVID-19 could be achieved if just 10% to 43% of people develop lasting immunity.

This is a far cry from the percentages typically required for vaccine-induced "herd immunity" (which is really a misnomer, as vaccine-induced immunity doesn't work like natural immunity, and herd immunity is really only achieved when enough people recover from the illness in question).

According to The Daily Mail: ²¹

"The concept of herd immunity hinges on people only being affected once, so that when a certain number of people have been infected with the virus already it can't spread any more.

It remains a mystery as to whether this is the case for COVID-19 but, if it is, then herd immunity could offer some protection during a second wave of the disease …

Researchers now say it could work to some extent if only one or two out of 10 people have been infected naturally and become immune to the disease...

 

Another study has taken a similar line and suggested herd immunity could develop at around 43 percent of the population getting infected...

 

Immunity among the most socially active people, scientists say, could protect those who come into contact with fewer others."

Sources and References