Research
Statement
This research explores the current capabilities of the US military
to use electromagnetic (EMF) devices to harass, intimidate, and kill
individuals and the continuing possibilities of violations of human
rights by the testing and deployment of these weapons. To establish
historical precedent in the US for such acts, we document long-term
human rights and freedom of thought violations by US
military/intelligence organizations. Additionally, we explore
contemporary evidence of on-going government research in EMF weapons
technologies and examine the potentialities of continuing human
rights abuses.
In the 1950s and 60s the CIA began work to find means for
influencing human cognition, emotion and behavior. Through the use
of the psychological understanding of the human being as a social
animal and the ability to manipulate a subject’s environment through
isolation, drugs and hypnosis, US funded scientists have long
searched for better means of controlling human behavior. This
research has included the use of wireless directed electromagnetic
energy under the heading of “Information Warfare” and “Non Lethal
Weapons.”
New technological capabilities have been developed in
black budget projects1 over the last few decades— including the
ability to influence human emotion, disrupt thought, and present
excruciating pain through the manipulation of magnetic fields. The
US military and intelligence agencies have at their disposal
frightful new weapons, weapons that have likely already been
covertly used and/or tested on humans, both here and abroad, and
which could be directed against the public in the event of mass
protests or civil disturbance.
1 Black budgets are government funded projects that are
classified/secret to Congress and the American people. For an
in-depth analysis on the topic, see Weiner, Tim , Blank Check: The
Pentagon’s Black Budget, Warner: 1990.
Human Rights belong to people collectively. To believe in rights for
some and not others is a denial of the humanness of people
worldwide. Yet, denial is exactly what Congress and George W. Bush
did with the signing of the Military Commission Act of 2006. The new
official US policy is that torture and suspension of due process are
acceptable for anyone the president deems to be a terrorist or
supporter. This act is the overt denial of the inalienable rights of
human beings propagated in our Declaration of Independence and the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. More so, US actions declared
to the world that the US suspends human rights for those it believes
are evil.
The precious words,
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that
all men are created equal, that they
are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that
among these are Life, Liberty and
the pursuit of Happiness,” did not declare that only some men (and
women) possess unalienable
rights.
Our independence was founded on the understanding that all
men and women are recognized
by this nation as having innate rights derived by their humanity.
Likewise, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, created by the
United Nations in 1948, signed
and ratified by the US Congress, specifies in its preamble that
“recognition of the inherent dignity
and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human
family is the foundation of
freedom, justice and peace in the world.”
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights has been a guide for
international law for most of six decades, and as such binds the
United States to its general principles. Article 10 states that
“everyone is entitled to full equality, to a fair and public hearing
by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of
his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him,”
and Article 5 specifically prohibits torture or cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment or punishment. Both of these basic human rights
have been superceded by the passage the of Military Commissions Act
of 2006.
Additionally, the Universal Declaration of Human rights declares
that everyone has the right to freedom of thought and freedom of
expression and opinion. This means that humans have the inalienable
right to be able to freely think their own thoughts and discover
their own truths. This paper addresses this most fundamental human
right and explores the pending threats to individual freedom of
thought posed by new EMF weapons technologies.
Freedom of thought or cognitive liberty is the natural human right
of each person to be secure in their ability to perceive the world
to the best of their ability. To have true cognitive liberty in a
world as complex as ours would mean that first we must have access
to truthful and unbiased information about the actions of others and
the general state of the world. The Center for Cognitive Liberties
defines this as “the right of each individual to think independently
and autonomously, to use the full spectrum of his or her mind, and
to engage in multiple modes of thought.”
2 Without accurate
representations we cannot make independently informed choices. It is
imperative that the human body and mind be considered sacrosanct. To
invade a person’s body without their consent is an egregious human
rights crime.
The circumstance may soon arrive in which anti-war or human rights
protesters suddenly feel a burning sensation akin to touching a hot
skillet over their entire body. Simultaneously they may hear
terrifying nauseating screaming, which while not produced
externally, fills their brains with overwhelming disruption. Not
only are both phenomena currently possible, but designs for more
powerful EMF technologies receive continuous funding from the US
Government.
We are in a time of extremism, permanent war, and the unilateral
manifestation of ethnocentrism and power by a cabal of people in the
US government. These power elites have been in operation for decades
and are set on nothing less than the total US military domination of
the world. They defy the foundational values of the American people
to achieve their ends. This is not a new phenomenon.
The repression of human rights has been present within the US
Government throughout our history. 3
A long thread of sociological research documents the existence of a
dominant ruling class in the US
that sets policy and determines national political priorities.
2 See the Center for Cognitive Liberty at
http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/
3 For a full discussion on the Global Dominance Group currently
operating in the US see:
http://www.projectcensored.org/downloads/Global_Dominance_Group.pdf
The American ruling class is complex and inter-competitive,
maintaining itself through interacting families of high social
standing with similar life styles, corporate affiliations, and
memberships in elite social clubs and private schools.4
This American ruling class is self-perpetuating,
5 maintaining its
influence through policy-making
institutions such as the National Manufacturing Association,
National Chamber of Commerce,
Business Council, Business Roundtable, Conference Board, American
Enterprise Institute,
Council
on Foreign Relations and other business-centered policy groups.6
C.
Wright Mills, in his 1956 book
The Power Elite, documents how World War II solidified a
trinity of power in the US, comprised of corporate, military and
government elites in a centralized power structure motivated by
class interests and working in unison through “higher circles” of
contact and agreement. Mills described how the power elite were
those “who decide whatever is decided” of major consequence.7
4 G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America? (New York: McGraw Hill,
2006 [5th ed.] and Peter Phillips, A Relative Advantage: Sociology
of the San Francisco Bohemian Club, 1994, (http://library.sonoma.edu/regional/faculty/phillips/bohemianindex.html)
5 Early studies by Charles Beard in the Economic Interpretations of
the Constitution of the United States (1929),
established that economic elites formulated the US Constitution to
serve their own special interests. Henry Klien (1933)
in his book Dynastic America claimed that wealth in America has
power never before known in the world and was
centered in the top 2% of the population owning some 60% of the
country. Ferdinard Lundberg (1937) wrote American’s
Sixty Families documenting inter-marring self-perpetuating families
where wealth is the “indispensable handmaiden of
government. C.Wright Mills determined in 1945 (American Business
Elites, Journal of Economic History, Dec. 1945)
that nine out of ten business elites from1750 to 1879 came from well
to do families.
6 See R. Brady, Business as a System of Power, (New
York: Columbia University Press, 1943) and Val Burris, Elite Policy
Planning Networks in the United State, American Sociological
Association paper 1991.
7 C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite, (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1956)
With the advent of the military-industrial complex after World War
II, President Eisenhower observed that an internal military
industrial power faction was consolidating their long-term plans for
the domination of America and, eventually, the world. Eisenhower was
in no position to fight these men, and history records his feelings
on the subject with the text of his short farewell address:
“….But threats, new in kind or degree, constantly arise. Of these, I
mention two
only…
…This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large
arms industry is new in the American experience. The total influence
– economic, political, even spiritual – is felt in every city, every
Statehouse, every office of the Federal government. We recognize the
imperative need for this development. Yet we must not fail to
comprehend its grave implications. Our toil, resources and
livelihood are all involved; so is the very structure of our
society.
In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition
of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the
military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise
of misplaced power exists and will persist.
We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our
liberties or
democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an
alert and
knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge
industrial and
military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals,
so that security
and liberty may prosper together.
Akin to, and largely responsible for the sweeping changes in our
industrial-military
posture, has been the technological revolution during recent
decades.
In this revolution, research has become central, it also becomes
more formalized,
complex, and costly. A steadily increasing share is conducted for,
by, or at the direction of, the Federal government.”
8
We now understand that Eisenhower was referring to the conjunction
of redirected tax monies to research secret new technology aimed at
nothing less than increasing the controlling power of the military
industrial elite to a global scale.
One particular faction of ambitious men, the former cold warriors
and emerging neo-conservatives, were close followers of philosopher
Leo Strauss. This elite group included not just generals and
industrialists but philosophers, scientists, academics, and
politicians have now become the most powerful public-private war
organization ever known.
Strauss espoused an elitist philosophy that fawned over the
characteristics of those who inherited wealth and lived lives of
leisure to pursue whatever their interests may be. His ideas have
been transformed into a cogent ideology in which the media,
religion, and government are used to subdue the masses while the
real “nobles” follow their own will without regard to the laws
designed to control lesser men. Strauss was likewise fond of
secrecy, as a necessity for control, because if the lesser men found
out what was being done to them they would no doubt be upset.
“The people will not be happy to learn that there is only one
natural right – the right of the superior
to rule over the inferior, the master over the slave, the husband
over the wife, and the wise few over
the vulgar many.” In On Tyranny, Strauss refers to this natural
right as the “tyrannical teaching” of
his beloved ancients.9
Leo Strauss, Albert Wohlstetter, and others at the University of
Chicago’s Committee on Social Thought receive wide credit for
promoting the neo-conservative agenda through their students, Paul
Wolfowitz, Allan Bloom, and Bloom’s student Richard Perle.
Canadian cultural review magazine Adbusters, defines
neo-conservatism as,
“The belief that
Democracy, however flawed, was best defended by an ignorant public
pumped on nationalism and
religion. Only a militantly nationalist state could deter human
aggression …such nationalism
requires an external threat and if one cannot be found it must be
manufactured.”10
8 Public Papers of the Presidents, Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1960, p.
1035- 1040
9 Leo Strauss, “On Tyranny”, Edited by Victor Gourevitch and Michael
S. Roth, University Of Chicago Press, 2000.
10 Guy Caron, “Anatomy of a Neo-Conservative White House,” Canadian
Dimension, May 1, 2005.
The neo-conservative philosophy emerged as a reaction to the 1960s
era of social revolutions.
Numerous officials and associates in the Reagan and George H.W. Bush
presidencies were strongly
influenced by the neo-conservative philosophy including: John
Ashcroft, Charles Fairbanks, Richard
Cheney, Kenneth Adelman, Elliot Abrams, William Kristol and Douglas
Feith.11
Within the Ford administration there was a split between Cold War
traditionalists seeking to
minimize confrontations through diplomacy and detente and
neo-conservatives advocating stronger
confrontations with the Soviet’s “Evil Empire.” The latter group
became more entrenched when
George H.W. Bush became CIA Director. Bush allowed the formation of
“Team B” headed by
Richard Pipes along with Paul Wolfowitz, Lewis Libby, Paul Nitze and
others, who formed the
second Committee on the Present Danger to raise awareness of the
Soviet threat and the continuing
need for a strong aggressive defense policy. Their efforts led to
strong anti-Soviet positioning during
the Reagan administration. 12
The Committees on the Present Danger (CPD) extend from the 1950s
Russian threat to the present.
The current CPD proudly boasts on their website;
“In times of great challenge to the security of the United States,
Republicans, Democrats, and Independents have traditionally joined
to make an assertive defense of American interests.
Twice before in American history, The Committee on the Present
Danger has risen to this challenge. It emerged in 1950 as a
bipartisan education and advocacy organization dedicated to building
a national consensus for a strong defense against Soviet
expansionism. In 1976, the Committee on the Present Danger
reemerged, with leadership from the labor movement, bipartisan
representatives of the foreign policy community and academia, all of
whom were concerned about strategic drift in US security policy.
With victory in the Cold War, the mission of the Committee on the
Present Danger was considered complete and consequently was
deactivated.
Today, the current CPD promotes radical Islamists as the primary
threat to the
American people and millions of others who prize liberty. They claim
that the
threat is global. They also claim that they operate from cells in a
number of
countries. Rogue regimes seek power by making common cause with
terrorist
groups. The prospect that this deadly collusion may include weapons
of mass
murder was the justification for the invasion of Iraq.”13
11 Alain Frachon and Daniel Vernet, “The Strategist and the
Philosopher: Leo Strauss and Albert Wlhlestetter,” Le Monde, April
16, 2003, English translation: Counterpunch 6/2/03.
12 Anne Hessing Cahn, Team B; The Trillion-dollar Experiment,
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, April 1993, Volume
49, No. 03
13 The Committee on the Present Danger mission statement can be
accessed at
http://www.fightingterror.org/whoweare/index.cfm
Journalist John Pilger recalls his interview with neo-conservative
Richard Perle during the Reagan
administration:
“I interviewed Perle when he was advising Reagan;
and when he spoke about ‘total
war,’ I mistakenly dismissed him as mad. He recently used the term
again in describing America’s
‘war on terror’, “No stages, This is total war. We are fighting a
variety of enemies. There are lots of
them out there. All this talk about first we are going to do
Afghanistan, then we will do Iraq... this
is entirely the wrong way to go about it. If we just let our vision
of the world go forth, and we
embrace it entirely and we don’t try to piece together clever
diplomacy, but just wage a total war...
our children will sing great songs about us years from now.”14
There is ample evidence available to show that some individuals
within government and industry have little problem with violating
the public trust and using their positions to kill, maim, torture
and destroy. It is of the utmost importance to our traditional
American values of human rights and cognitive liberty that we
recognize this threat from within. We must move to identify those
who show these proclivities and ensure that their activities have
adequate oversight.
Stanley Milgram’s famous experiment involving obedience to authority
proved that individuals are
fairly easily cowed into submitting to anyone who has a claim of
authority, and that on average 61 percent of people will administer pain to another person if
instructed to do so.15 Both test groups in
these experiments rationalized their behavior by appealing to “the
greater good.” Because it was for
the “advancement of science” they were able to be convinced they
should ignore personal judgment
and obey the instructions given to them by the experimenters.16
Martin Orne, who was one of those paid by the CIA to conduct
experiments on obedience, showed
in 1962 that people would go to tremendous lengths to please a
person in authority. Orne conducted
research that involved presenting subjects with a stack of 2,000
pages of random numbers and
instructing them to add each two adjacent numbers until he returned.
Over 90 percent of the test
subjects continued in this meaningless task for up to five hours.17
Today the combination of political climate and technological
capability presents a condition in which widespread manipulation of,
not only the flow of information through the media, but also the
manipulation of the emotional states and cognitive ability in large
populations could be achieved. If policy elites are unaccountable to
the public for their actions, and the public has been emotionally
manipulated to support them, we can assume that they will certainly
abuse their positions in the pursuit of their agendas.
14 John Pilger, “The World Will Know The Truth,” New Statesman
(London) (December 16 2002).
15 Stanley Milgram “Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View”,
New York: HarperCollins, 2004.
16 “Obedience as a determinant of behavior is of particular
relevance to our time,” Behavioral Study of Obedience,
Stanley Milgram, Yale University, Journal of Abnormal and Social
Psychology, Vol. 67, No. 4, p. 371
17 See Martin Orne-Orne, Martin T., “On The Social Psychology of the
Psychological Experiment: With Particular
Reference to Demand Characteristics and Their Implications,”Am.
Psychol. 17 (1962): 776-783, Orne, M.T. The
potential uses of hypnosis in interrogation. In A.D. Biderman (Ed.),
The Manipulation of Human Behavior (pp. 169215). New York: John
Wiley & Sons, 1961
Previous human rights and cognitive liberty violations are evidenced
in CIA and FBI records pertaining to the infamous
MK-ULTRA project
and the grim record of harassment and subversion uncovered in the
COINTELPRO program in force through the 1950s and into the 1970s. We
also examined some of the cases of illegal experimentation on the
public dating back to the 1930s. We consider, in depth, the forms of
electromagnetic weapons entering the battlefield today that trace
their origins back through the secret projects of the Defense
Department in the 1950s and 1960s.
Psychological Warfare, Information War, and mind control may seem to
be exotic topics, but the
impact of these technologies and techniques is profound. Our minds
are being impacted through a
longstanding series of programs aimed at manipulating public opinion
through intelligence agencies,
think tanks, corporate media and a host of non-governmental
organizations designed to engender
fear, division and uncertainty in the public.18
Media manipulation
involving the artificial framing of
our collective reality is often a hit or miss proposition, but
psychological operations have been
carried out in the past, and are being carried out even today,
through the practices of “Information
Warfare,” directed at enemies abroad and at the American people.19
According to Mary C. FitzGerald of the Hudson Institute, New-concept
weapons, such as laser,
electromagnetic, plasma, climatic, genetic and biotechnological are
the central principle driving the
modernization of national defense. The potential for these weapons
to be used for both good and bad
deserves a great deal of attention, but there is little to be found
in the media or discussed by our
administration.20
The US is a system of many institutions including those whose sole
function is to provide
government oversight. When problems arise that threaten the
stability of the country or the safety of
the people, the US government is designed to have checks and
balances that allow the people to
challenge misconduct either directly or through congressional
representatives. Increasingly,
oversight is disintegrating. According to a 2006 report in the
Boston Globe, the intelligence
committee does not read most intelligence reports in their
entirety.21
The media is complicit in omitting information necessary to make
democratic decisions.22 A global
dominance agenda includes penetration into the boardrooms of the
corporate media in the US. A
research team at Sonoma State University recently finished
conducting a network analysis of the boards of directors of the ten
big media organizations in the US.
18 For an analysis on the interlocking of the corporate media, think
tanks and government organizations, see Peter
Phillips, Bridget Thornton and Lew Brown “ The Global Dominance
Group and the US Corporate Media” in Censored
2007, Seven Stories Press.
19 See: Snow, Nancy, Information War American Propaganda, Free
Speech, and Opinion Control Since 9/11, 2004
Seven Stories Press and Chomsky, Noam Media Control: The Spectacular
Achievements of Propaganda, 2002 Seven
Stories Press
20 In researching this article, there are no instances of remarks by
senior White House, Pentagon, or Congressional
officials that specifically address the human effects of non-lethal
EMF weapons. A search in Lexis Nexis from 20012006 returned no
results in American mainstream media.
21 Classified Intelligence Bills Often Are Unread: Secret Process
Can Discourage House Debate, Susan Milligan, Boston
Globe August 6, 2006.
22 The Global Dominance Group and the US Corporate media, by Peter
Phillips, Bridget Thornton and Lew Brown, published in Censored
2007, Seven Stories Press, 2006, Chapter 10,
The team determined that only 118 people comprise the membership on
the boards of director of the ten big media giants. These 118
individuals in turn sit on the corporate boards of 288 national and
international corporations. Four of the top 10 media corporations in
the US have DOD contractors on their boards of directors including:
-
William Kennard: New York Times,
Carlyle Group
-
Douglas Warner III, GE (NBC), Bechtel
-
John Bryson: Disney (ABC), Boeing
-
Alwyn Lewis: Disney (ABC), Halliburton
-
Douglas McCorkindale: Gannett, Lockheed-Martin
Given an interlocked media network, big media in the US effectively
represent corporate America’s
interests. The media elite, a key component of policy elites in the
US, are the watchdogs of
acceptable ideological messages, the controllers of news and
information content, and the decision
makers regarding media resources.
It is not suggested that everyone in the government believes in
global domination, nor that it is the intent of every government
official to ‘cover up’ misconduct.23 Scientists involved in
potentially harmful technology are not ‘mad scientists.’ In fact,
there are many reports in the public sphere addressing government
and military misconduct that are put forth by people within these
very institutions. The problem is when the government threatens
whistleblowers, intimidates officials with job loss, infiltrates
activist organizations, and increases surveillance24.
23 Remarks on Classification, The Hon. Lee Hamilton, Information
Security Oversight Office, October 18, 2005. “At a
time when the US intelligence community is under intense scrutiny in
the aftermath of 9/11 and the failure to find weapons of mass
destruction in Iraq, we only increase public skepticism about our
government by denying the public information.”
24 See: Valerie Plame, the Richard Leiby, Spy Who Got Shoved Out
Into the Cold, Washington Post, October 29, 2005;
Page C01; Amended 2006 surveillance bill by Bush; The FBI and the
Engineering of Consent, Noam Chomsky, From
Public Eye Magazine, Volume One, Number Two; and Demian Bulwa,
Oakland: Police spies chosen to lead war protest,
San Francisco Chronicle, Friday, July 28, 2006.
Back to Contents
PSYCHOLOGICAL WAR
Modern Psychological Operations (Psy-Ops) were significantly
advanced in the Second World War
25 and were brought to bear on the American public during the 1950s
with the formation of a
widespread network of social scientists, journalists, politicians,
military specialists and intelligence
operatives.
Psy-Ops were used to promote a variety of programs in
cooperation with the Industrial Military Complex.
Their key piece of
information warfare was the Communist Red Menace.26
25 See William E. Daugherty and Morris Janowitz, A Psychological
Warfare Casebook, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1958. In particular, see Daugherty’s article on
“US Psychological Warfare Organizations in World War
II,” pp. 126-136.
26 For a current view of these kinds of operations and how they are
outsourced see James Bamford’s article in the Rolling
Stone, The Man Who Sold the War Meet John Rendon, Bush’s General In
The Propaganda War, November 17, 2005.
For more information on CIA control of the media refer to Carl
Bernstein, “The CIA and the Media—How America’s
Most Powerful News Media Worked Hand in Glove with the Central
Intelligence Agency and Why the Church
Committee Covered It Up”, Rolling Stone, October 20, 1977, p.63 - the
title of the original operation was “Mockingbird” influence was
global in scope, counting among his close friends Henry Luce,
publisher of Newsweek.
One of the opening salvos in this war of deception was fired by
George Kennan, the American ambassador to Moscow, describing the
Soviet threat in a “long cable” sent to Washington in 1946.
Kennan spent decades studying the Russian political scene. He became
convinced that there would
be little chance of cooperation with the Soviets and recommended a
number of actions, most notably
the institution of “political war” through the newly formed CIA - a
decision he later regretted, even
arguing for the elimination of the CIA in 1997.27
In the late 1950s, a right-wing cadre of men within the new CIA was
busy building secret armies, planning assassinations, and generally
devising plans for world domination that still play out today.
Operation Gladio was one example, well documented and international
in scope, in which right-wing
members of the US intelligence community created “stay-behind”
armies in many of the nations of
Europe. Those armies managed to infiltrate the highest levels of
politics (most notably in Italy where
the term “Gladio” refers to a double edged sword) and have been held
responsible for numerous
false-flag terrorist acts through the 1980s and 1990s. Terror and
propaganda often go hand-in-hand
in the extremist elements within our military and intelligence
communities.28
To counter the divisions within the intelligence community, a
greater voice was given to organizations formal and informal. In the
1950s, one such group, the first Committee on the Present Danger (CPD),
promulgated a series of “gap crises.” The Bomber Gap, the Missile
Gap, the Space Gap, and the Brainwashing and Psychotronic Gap were
used to justify increased military technology spending.
Congress was
led to believe that the Soviets were a much greater threat than they
actually were, and that a terrifying new weapon was being developed
that threatened America. They were thus convinced to vote for
virtually any black budget proposal that came their way. The CPD ran
a series of broadcasts to the public through the Mutual Broadcasting
Network that spread fear in the minds of the public.
Under the first civilian CIA Director, Allen Welsh Dulles, the
Company began to push forward with
its agenda of manufacturing consent from the American people for a
new state of perpetual war
industrialization. Dulles was a well-connected individual, a
successful spy for the OSS in
Switzerland during the war, related to three secretaries of state,
and the chief advisor to Dewey when
he ran for President in 1948.
Dulles had access to the highest
echelons of policy making and his influence was global in scope,
counting among his close friends Henry Luce, publisher of Newsweek.
27 George F. Kennan. “Spy and Counterspy.” The New York Times, May
18, 1997. For a sympathetic biography see
George F. Kennan and The Making of American Foreign Policy,
1947-1950, Wilson D. Miscamble, C.S.C, 1993
Princeton University Press. George F. Kennan. “Policy Planning Staff
memorandum on the inauguration of organized
political warfare“, May 4, 1948. Published in Foreign Relations of
the United States, 1945-1950: Emergence of the
Intelligence Establishment. Discusses the need for political
warfare: that is, measures short of war, such as propaganda
and covert operations.
28 History News Network, USA 13 June 2005, Terrorism in Western
Europe: An Approach to NATO’s Secret Stay-Behind Armies, by Daniele Ganser, The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy
and International Relations 1 June 2005,
Kennan published his analysis anonymously in Foreign Affairs, the
official magazine of the Council for Foreign
Relations (CFR). [Mr. X (Alias ‘George C. Kennan): “The Sources of
Soviet Conduct”, in Foreign Affairs, July 1947.]
(http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/documents/collection_gladio/Terrorism_Western_Europe.pdf)
Relying heavily upon established
circles of contacts within the nation’s media elites, Dulles
recruited key members of the media to work directly for the CIA
under Operation Mockingbird. Mockingbird was a psychological
information campaign against the American people.
In a campaign that would lead to acceptance of blanket secrecy for
“national security”, “the Red
Scare” became the excuse for spending vast sums of money on weapon
systems and an increase in
covert operations both in foreign countries and within the United
States.
In the 1950s and 1960s,
movies, news articles, books, radio and television programs were
carefully laced with anticommunist messages and images designed to
produce an acceptance of the policies being promoted
by the defense elite’s propaganda machine.29
“Among the executives who lent their cooperation to the Agency were
William
Paley of the Columbia Broadcasting System, Henry Luce of Time Inc.,
Arthur
Hays Sulzberger of the New York Times, Barry Bingham Sr. of the
Louisville
Courier-Journal and James Copley of the Copley News Service.
Other organizations which cooperated
with the CIA include the American Broadcasting Company,
the National Broadcasting Company, the Associated Press, United
Press International, Reuters, Hearst Newspapers, Scripps-Howard,
Newsweek magazine, the Mutual Broadcasting System, The Miami
Herald, and the old Saturday Evening Post and New York
Herald-Tribune. By far the most valuable of these associations,
according to CIA officials, have been with The New York Times,
CBS, and Time Inc.” 30
One of the engineers of this deception was a former head of the
stay-behind network, Edward W.
Barrett, director of the Interdepartmental Psychological Strategy
Board (IPSB) and, not
coincidentally an editor at Newsweek.
Barrett was seen as being very
effective in his efforts to
manipulate public opinion. At the same time, CPD was a
“non-political group of citizens of the
western coast” and launched a media campaign in favor of the urgent
reinforcement of the national
defense. Among the organizers of the Committee were Frank Altschul
(Director of the Council for
Foreign Relations), William Donovan (former head of the OSS during
WWII) and General Dwight
D. Eisenhower.31
All of this activity was more than enough to stoke the fears of the
public and encourage policy
makers to accept the Cold War view of the world.
This allowed Truman
to convince Congress to
approve a tripled military budget that provided funding for secret
research and development and turn
a blind eye (in the name of National Security) to “black operations”
programs authorized under the
new Cold War rubric of “containment” and aimed at undermining
otherwise peaceful nations and
fomenting war, torture and assassination in countries as diverse as
Iran, Guatemala and Indochina.32
29 Victor Marchetti and John D. Marks, The CIA and The Cult of
Intelligence, Dell Books,1975 (as a matter of general
interest this is reportedly the first book the Government went to
court to have censored. There are 168 missing pages as a
result of the courts ruling but the spaces were retained in the
first edition.)
30 “The CIA and the Media”, Carl Bernstein Rolling Stone, Oct. 20,
1977
31 David F. Krugler, Will It Play in Peoria? The 1950 Campaign of
Truth and the Reconstruction of Cold War
Propaganda, British Association of American Studies Annual
Conference April 1997 University of Birmingham,
Birmingham, England
32 William Blum, Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions
Since World War II, Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995; Ralph McGehee, Deadly Deceits: My 25 years in the CIA, New York: Sheridan
Square Publications, 1983.
http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=CIA
Footnote on Ops)
Post-war developments in Europe, especially the British withdrawal
from Greece, led Truman to
decide it was necessary to have a permanent American presence in the
old continent to counteract
the Communist influence.33
General George C. Marshall, Secretary of
State, designed a vast plan that
mixed economic assistance and secret actions aimed at establishing
democracies and making sure
that voters in foreign countries made “the right choice.” National
Security Council directive NSC
10/2, essentially written by Kennan, made official the creation of
an anti-Communist interference
network.34
The US intelligence community had an ace in the hole, Reinhardt Gehlen, a Nazi spymaster with an existing network of agents became
the front man in Eastern Europe for American intelligence.
General Reinhardt Gehlen proved to be troublesome for the CIA over
the years. Communist counterspies infiltrated his network, his
information was often incorrect, and he had downplayed his
eagerness to serve the Reich. But Gehlen was only one of thousands
of Nazis recruited to assist in the new “Cold War” through
Operation
Paperclip.35 In fact, the intelligence assets acquired by bringing
the Gestapo onto the US public payroll was overshadowed by the
acquisition of dozens of brilliant Nazi scientists and researchers.
At this juncture, Truman, through the application of the 1947
National Security Act and the newly
formed National Security Council36, authorized a vast number of
secret projects involving chemical,
biological, nuclear and electromagnetic experiments. Former Nazis
were put in charge of many of
the most sensitive programs and facilities. The Army Ballistic
Missile Agency (ABMA) was
entrusted to the former SS officer Wernher von Braun.
37 Kurt Debus,
another ex-SS officer, directed Cape Canaveral.
At this time scientists began working on “black” projects in
earnest, including attempts at finally developing the “lost”
theories of Nikola Tesla, the Serbian-born American physicist, into
military and intelligence applications.38
33 Daniele Ganser, NATO’s Secret Armies. Operation Gladio and
Terrorism in Western Europe, Frank Cass Publishers,
2004.
34 See the Federation of American Scientists Intelligence resource
program, National Security Council [NSC] Truman
Administration [1947-1953] at
http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsc-hst/index.html.
35 Linda Hunt, Secret Agenda: The United States Government, Nazi
Scientists and Project Paperclip, 1945-1990, St.
Martin’s Press, 1991.
36 The National Security Act of 1947 can be accessed at
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/cwr/17603.htm
37 Biography of Werner VonBraun produced by NASA:
www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/sputnik/braun.htm
and at
the Marshall Space Flight Center located at
http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/index.html
38 Hunt, L. Secret Agenda. The United States Government, Nazi
Scientists, and Project Paperclip, 1945 to 1990. New
York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991. Simpson, C. “Blowback. The First
Full Account of America’s Recruitment of Nazis, and
the Disastrous Effect on Our Domestic and Foreign Policy”. New York:
Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988
Back to Contents
Back to Operation Gladio
TESLA AND EMF
Military interest into the weaponization of the electromagnetic
spectrum has a long history, based on the theoretical work of
Nikola
Tesla.
Radar, in its early inception, was seen not only as a means
of tracking the position and speed of enemy targets, but as a
potential weapon in its own right. There are very real problems
however with overcoming the normal decrease in effect of an
electromagnetic field over distance. This effect is a natural
function of the laws of physics and applies to both electrical and
magnetic fields39.
In short, the strength of a field drops off in
inverse proportion to the distance of the target from the source.
Without a means of concentrating and directing a beam of energy
across long distances, any effect that an EMF weapon may have would
be limited to its immediate vicinity. From 1900 until his death in
1943, Nikola Tesla worked to develop just such a weapon.
In a letter to the New York Times editor in 1908 Telsa wrote,
“When
I spoke of future warfare I meant that it should be conducted by
direct application of electrical waves without the use of aerial
engines or other implements of destruction... What I said in regard
to the greatest achievement of the man of science whose mind is bent
upon the mastery of the physical universe, was nothing more than
what I stated in one of my unpublished addresses, from which I
quote:
“According to an adopted theory, every ponderable atom is
differentiated from a
tenuous fluid, filling all space merely by spinning motion, as a
whirl of water in a
calm lake. By being set in movement this fluid, the ether, becomes
gross matter. Its
movement arrested, the primary substance reverts to its normal
state. It appears, then,
possible for man through harnessed energy of the medium and suitable
agencies for
starting and stopping ether whirls to cause matter to form and
disappear.
At his
command, almost without effort on his part, old worlds would vanish
and new ones
would spring into being. He could alter the size of this planet,
control its seasons,
adjust its distance from the sun, guide it on its eternal journey
along any path he
might choose, through the depths of the universe. He could make
planets collide and
produce his suns and stars, his heat and light; he could originate
life in all its infinite
forms. To cause at will the birth and death of matter would be man’s
grandest deed,
which would give him the mastery of physical creation, make him
fulfill his ultimate
destiny.” 40
Tesla made several claims during the
latter years of his life, published by the New York Times in
what became an annual event. His theory of the hidden nature of our
universe supplants those of many of his contemporaries in that he
was able to infer a multidimensional model of the universe that is
only now being investigated through the theoretical mathematics of
our leading physicists.41
39 There are two laws of note here: the inverse square law, which
relates to forces such as gravity, and the inverse cube
law, which relates to electromagnetic forces. Both equations
describe the relationship between the power of the force and
the decrease in that forces effect over distance. In regards to
magnetism we refer to the work of Maxwell. One easily accessible
online source for his equations is:
http://www.rialian.com/rnboyd/maxwell.htm
A good place to start for understanding the man and his work is the
James Clerk Maxwell Foundation at:
http://www.clerkmaxwellfoundation.org/html/links.html
40 New York Times, April 21st, 1908 (p.5 column 6) Tesla Letter to
the Editor :.
41 “The Cosmic Triangle: Revealing the State of the Universe,” in
the May 28, 1999 issue of the journal Science
discusses Dark Energy and Margaret Cheney, Tesla: A Man Out of Time,
Dell Publishing, 1983.
Tesla also developed means of remotely controlling aircraft as early
as 1915, foreshadowing the
Unmanned Ariel Vehicles (UAVs) of today’s battlefields. In 1934
Tesla offers to build a “Death
Ray” that would make the power of an opponents air force obsolete.
This was one of the earliest
recorded statements regarding directed energy weapons.42
Tesla’s offer to build this device for the US government for a
bargain price, but with many caveats, was refused by officials who,
preferred instead to pump money into the new Army Air Corp, which in
turn gave rise to the military aviation complex that we have today.43
Before the war the airline industry was not a major part of the
economic life of the nation.44 With
huge wartime contracts, however, corporations such as Hughes,
McDonnell Douglas, Lockheed, and
Northrop quickly grew in power commensurate with the financial
bonanza that was unearthed in the
battlefields of Europe and the Pacific.45 These companies formed the
core of the “military-industrial
complex.”
Their investors and managers began to
consolidate their clout in political circles to keep the nation on a
wartime economic footing, a simple and vastly powerful weapon that
would make aircraft, bombs, missiles and attendant industries
irrelevant would certainly be seen as a direct threat to the growing
power of military arsenal. Instead, a “black budget” program was put
into motion, which exploited the work of Robert Oppenheimer, Albert
Einstein and others. The Manhattan Project, developed by the DOD in
1942, generated a vastly destructive weapon that required a
well-established and unbelievably expensive aerospace industry,
along with unprecedented levels of secrecy and autonomy from
Congress and the public.46
42 Front page New York Times, July 11 1934 was entitled, “TESLA, AT
78, BARES NEW ‘DEATH BEAM’” and told of
the inventor’s proposal that would “send concentrated beams of
particles through the free air, of such tremendous energy
that they will bring down a fleet of 10,000 enemy airplanes at a
distance of 250 miles...“
43 To illustrate the control of science for corporate profit,
Tesla’s practical applications all shared one thing in common,
the were devoid of any profitable application. As a result, Tesla’s
development of wireless electricity has never borne fruit, leaving
us still in the 21st century surrounded by a landscape of
transmission wires, faulty electrical grids, destructive (though
profitable) electrical generation systems, wars for oil, and a
suffering environment. See Marc J. Seifer, The Life and Times of
Nikola Tesla, Citadel Press, 1998.
44 John B. Rae, Climb to Greatness: The American Aircraft Industry,
1920-1960, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1968. Roger E.
Bilstein, The American Aerospace Industry: From Workshop to Global
Enterprise, New York: Twayne Publishers, 1996.
45 Carol L. Cook, The Aerospace Industry: Its History and How it
Affects the US Economy, Yale-New Haven Teachers
Institute, 2005.
46 See the National Atomic Museum’s archives concerning the
Manhattan Project at
http://www.atomicmuseum.com/tour/manhattanproject.cfm and the
Brookings Institute’s archives at
http://www.brook.edu/FP/PROJECTS/NUCWCOST/MANHATTN.HTM
The US government also ignored Tesla’s offer to produce a “city
killing machine,” which was composed of an electromagnetic shield
and a wireless torpedo. Tesla made several proposals during the
1930s, none of which received funding. Among Tesla’s claims,
published annually on his birthday in the New York Times, were
methods of harnessing the power of the sun to electrify the earth
and provide free electrical power to anybody, anywhere.
Tesla did, however, conceive of at least one device that became a
major part of our nation’s arsenal - radar.
As early as 1917 he published his theory and developed the
first prototype in 1934. It is from
the basis of this technology that future research into weaponizing
the electromagnetic spectrum
proceeded. At the same time Tesla was working on methods of
transmitting and receiving
communication signals through interplanetary space and reading the
images on a sleeping person’s
retina (by extension mind reading). His prediction that future wars
would be fought with
electromagnetic means foreshadowed the rise of electronic warfare
and the non-lethal weapons
technology being deployed today. 47
At first glance, it would seem probable that the military had taken
over the management of Tesla’s material. In fact, a number of
projects related to his life’s work were in development. For
instance, the building of beam weapons at Wright Patterson Air Force
Base under the code name “Project Nick”
48 headed by Brigadier
General L.C. Craigie. This project was however, cancelled due to an
apparent lack of understanding of Tesla’s means of transmitting
high-energy waves without a loss of power over great distances.
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) began another
project in 1958 codenamed “Seesaw” at Lawrence Livermore Labs49
aimed at combating reported Soviet advances in electromagnetic
weapons and defenses, advances that many believe came about after
1952 when the bulk of Tesla’s research and personal effects were
turned over to his nephew, Sava Kosanovic, who promptly whisked them
away to Yugoslavia. Eight years later Soviet Premier Nikita
Khrushchev would state that, “A new and fantastic weapon is in the
hatching stage,” 50 horrifying many and prompting calls for more
effective means of using EMF, espionage and counter-espionage.
On February 9, 1981, the office of the Undersecretary of Defense
Research and Engineering department sent a letter to the FBI that
requested the papers of Tesla, stating, “We believe that certain of
Tesla’s papers may contain basic principles which would be of
considerable value to certain ongoing research within the DOD. It
would be very helpful to have access to these papers.
The letter was signed by Lt. Col. Allan J. Mclaren, an R.O.T.C.
graduate from M.I.T. in 1960, who later went on to become a project
director with Lockheed Martin Space Systems from which he retired in
2003.51
This section of his memo to the FBI was not declassified until 1993.
In response, the FBI issued the
same response as to all of the other inquiries with one exception,
this time they identified who it was
that examined the stored effects; it was the Office of Scientific
Research and Development from
47 New York Times, 1937,
“…will send concentrated beams of particles
through the free air, of such tremendous energy
that they will bring down a fleet of 10,000 enemy airplanes at a
distance of 250 miles from the defending nation’s border
and will cause armies of millions to drop dead in their tracks When
put into operation, Dr. Tesla said, this latest
invention of his would make war impossible. This death-beam, he
asserted, would surround each country like an
invisible Chinese wall, only a million times more impenetrable. It
would make every nation impregnable against attack
by airplanes or by large invading armies.”
For an interesting
article about
Tesla’s “Death Ray”
and the relationship to Tunguska
see:
Tesla's Wireless Power Transmitter and the
Tunguska Explosion of 1908
48 Tesla: Master of Lightning, archived at PBS:
www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_mispapers.html
49 Tesla: Life and Legacy, Missing Papers, archived at PBS:
http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_mispapers.html
50 Max Frankel, “Khrushchev Says Soviets Will Cut Forces a Third;
Sees ‘Fantastic Weapon’, New York Times, January
15,1960.
51 See Tesla’s FBI files at the FBI FOIA site located at
http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/tesla.htm
MIT, a breeding ground of CIA. technical types the Office of Naval
Intelligence and agents from US
Naval Research.52 What they may have been looking for had likely
already been taken, according to
a recent PBS special entitled Tesla: Life and Legacy, Tesla’s nephew
reported that Tesla’s most
recent journal was missing from the bulk of material stored by the
OAP.53 In recent years high
profile projects such as the High Altitude Auroral Project (“HAARP”),
the Strategic Defense
Initiative (“Star Wars”), and many of the devices
promoted by proponents of “Non-Lethal Weapons” have Tesla’s
intellectual fingerprints all over them.54
Back to Contents
MK-ULTRA
In terms of mind-control and the breaking down of prisoners for
military interrogations, the events at Abu-Ghraib, Guantanamo, and
in the CIA network of secret prisons dotting the globe, all have
their intellectual origin in the work carried out by a network of
scientists under the behest of the intelligence community beginning
in the World War II period. Mind-control, per se, refers to a
well-funded, broad based series of programs designed to explore the
furthest reaches of human cognitive ability. The Nazis, as well as
the Japanese, had been experimenting on prisoners throughout the
war.
Recovery of the records of these experiments led the US to proceed
with investigations into new
means of interrogations and the building of resistance to
interrogations of US personnel..55
The CIA, in association with various other agencies, undertook a
long series of experiments on
unsuspecting prisoners, students, military personnel and others
recruited into one of the at least 162
subprojects of what became known as
MKULTRA.56 Interest was
certainly piqued by the case of
Cardinal Mindseztny and the reports of brainwashing techniques used
on American soldiers in
prisoner of war camps in Korea57. But even prior to the Korean War
the resiliency of the human
mind was being tested by researchers on the black budget. These
projects reportedly at times
violated every conceivable notion of human rights and dignity.58
Frank Olson, a mid-level CIA operative, worked on the development of
aerosol delivery of drugs
and poisons at Ft. Detrick, Maryland. His work, which is still
classified, was. funded through
MKULTRA. Olson took a trip to England where MI6 and the CIA were
working together on ways to prevent allied spies and servicemen from
yielding to interrogation.
52 Tesla: Life and Legacy, Missing Papers, archived at PBS:
http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_mispapers.html.
53 Tesla: Master of Lightning PBS documentary Dec. 12th, 2000.
54 Box#8 of Declassified CIA documents pertaining to MKULTRA
contains the following fragment: The Application of
Tesla’s Technology in Today’s World. Obtain, online, through the
National Security Archives at
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/
55 Harris, S. (1994) Factories Of Death: Japanese Biological
Warfare, 1932-45, And The American Cover-Up. London:
Routledge.Tanaka, Y. 1998. Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in
World War II. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, Michalczyk, J. J.
1994. Medicine, ethics, and the Third Reich: Historical and
Contemporary Issues (METR)
Kansas City, Missouri: Sheed & Ward
56 This site provides a selection of memorandum from within the CIA,
in which funding is discussed.
http://cryptome.org/mkultra-0003.htm Digital MK-Ultra files can be
found at:
http://www.intellnet.org/mkultra/ general
note about MK-ULTRA funding)
57 Stephen Budiansky, Erica E. Goode and Ted Gest, “The Cold War
Experiments”, U.S News and World Report January
24, 1994.
58 Patricia Greenfield, CIA’s Behavior Caper, APA Monitor, December
1977, pp. 1, 10-11
Olson also traveled to Frankfurt,
where the two agencies conducted fatal experiments on prisoners of
war and others considered to be
“expendable.” Olson had an ethical dilemma with the research and,
after voicing his concerns,
returned to the United States. On November 28, 1953, Olson was in
room 1018ª of the Hotel Statler
in New York. At 2 a.m., Olson fell from the 10th floor window of his
room to his death on the
sidewalk below.
The headline reported his death as an accident or
suicide. This report was
discredited when, in 1975, another official lie was issued to ease
his family’s suffering and deflect
public scrutiny. This time Olson was called the victim of an LSD
experiment.59 Media reports cited
in the New York Times focused on the sensational aspects of LSD use
and psychic warfare, but did
not dwell on the more egregious violations of human rights and
dignity inherent in the programs
overseen by the CIA.60
The truth was not revealed until 1994 when his son finally had his
body exhumed and examined. The autopsy showed that Olson’s left
temple had been fractured before he fell. According to the New York
Times Magazine CIA tradecraft books from 1953, that have since been
released teach that “one of the surest methods of killing somebody
without a trace involves impairing their reflexes with alcohol (or
drugs) and then stepping up behind them and stunning them with a
blow to the temple.
After that you quickly grab their ankles and in a single motion flip
them over a bridge, balcony or
out of a window more than 70 feet off of the ground.”
61 What Olson
saw, and what cost him his life
and his family their peace of mind for 30 years, was the beginning
of a long term strategy to develop
means of making individual both resistant to “brainwashing” and to
control the actions of
individuals.62 The cover story that was used to justify the
beginning of the project was that there was
a “brainwashing gap” with the Koreans.63
59 Thomas O’Toole, “CIA Infiltrated 17 Area Groups, Gave out LSD
Suicide Revealed”, front-page story Washington
Post, June 11, 1975.
60 Carl Bernstein, “The CIA and the Media: How Americas Most
Powerful News Media Worked Hand in Glove with the
Central Intelligence Agency and Why the Church Committee Covered It
Up”, Rolling Stone, October 20, 1977.
61 Michael Ignatieff, “What did the C.I.A. Do to Eric Olson’s
Father?” New York Times Magazine, April 1, 2001.
62 ibid. and The Frank Olson Project at
http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Contents.html
http://www.frankolsonproject.org/Statements/FamilyStatement2002.html. Dr. Eric Olson continues to do what he can to bring to light the
truth of his father’s death. At the above website there
are memorandum written by Dick Cheney to Donald Rumsfeld in regards
to the families lawsuit during the Ford
administration in 1975
63 Reported in the New York Times as “Mind Control Studies had
Origin in Trial of Mindszenty”, Aug. 2, 1977, p.16.
64 See Athan G.
Theoharis, “Researching the Intelligence Agencies: The Problem of
Covert Activities”, The Public Historian, 1984 National Council on
Public History, University of California Press.
Experimenters used college students, servicemen, mental patients,
the poor and, in several instances, children as young as four years
old, in attempts to create untraceable assassins, couriers and other
operatives. MKULTRA sub-projects involved the services of many
notable universities and used a number of false front corporations
such as the Foundation for the Study of Human Ecology and think
tanks such as RAND, to shield the source of funding from those with
ethical “problems.” 64 We would still know nothing of these
activities had it not been for the release of 16,000 pages of
documents in 1977 through the FOIA request filed by the surviving
family of Frank Olson.
Unfortunately CIA Director Richard Helms ordered the destruction of
any MKULTRA records
shortly before the order came in to his office65, leaving an
incomplete picture of a concerted effort by various agencies to
create new and better means of controlling the thoughts, emotions
and thus behavior, of unsuspecting individuals.
Back to Contents
ILLEGAL EXPERIMENTATION
MKULTRA was, however, neither the first nor the last project funded
by government or industry to
experiment on people in the name of some greater good. A quick
review of the history of secret
experimentation and medical atrocities reveals a pattern of deadly
behavior
The Tuskegee Experiments in 1932 cruelly condemned scores of black
men to death from syphilis.66
The Pellagra Incident, in which millions died over two decades, in
spite of the fact that the US
Public Health Service knew at the time that these deaths were caused
by little more than a niacin
deficiency.67
In 1940 scientists exposed four-hundred prisoners in Chicago with
malaria (a US experiment Nazis
cited at the Nuremberg trials to defend their own
experimentation).68
During WWII, Seventh Day Adventist conscientious objectors were
enlisted into Operation Whitecoat by the US Army and the Adventist Church. They were told
that they were being tested for
defensive research purposes while the government was in fact testing
offensive chemical and
biological weapons.69
After WWII, matters became far worse for those who were caught up in
the web of illegal scientific
testing. In 1947 Colonel E.E. Kirkpatrick of the US Atomic Energy
Commission issued a secret
document stating that the agency would begin administering
intravenous doses of radioactive
substances to human subjects. At the same time atomic tests in which
the residents of Utah and
Nevada were purposely exposed to radioactive fallout. There were
also a series of operations during
the 1940s and 1950s in which US cities were attacked secretly by the
military through the spread of
biological agents in order to track their propagation through a real
population.70
65 Project MKULTRA, The CIA’s Program of Research in Behavioral
Modification, August 3, 1977, US Senate, Select
Committee on Intelligence, and Subcommittee on Health and Scientific
Research of the Committee on Human Resources.
66 Jean Heller (Associated Press), “Syphilis Victims in the US Study
Went Untreated for 40 Years” New York Times, July
26, 1972: and VN Gamble, “Under the Shadow of Tuskegee: African
Americans and Health Care.” American Journal of
Public Health 7(1997):1773-1778.
67 Jon M. Harkness, “Prisoners and Pellagra”, Public Health Reports,
Sep/Oct96, Vol. 111 Issue 5, p 463.
68 “They Were Cheap and Available: Prisoners as Research Subjects in
Twentieth Century America.” British Medical
Journal 315:1437.
69 Krista Thompson Smith, “Adventists and Biological Warfare”,
Spectrum Magazine, Vol 25, no. 3, March 1996 and
David R. Franz, DVM, PhD, Cheryl D. Parrott, Ernest T. Takafuji, MD,
MPH, “The US Biological Warfare and
Biological Defense Programs” in Medical Aspects of Chemical and
Biological Warfare, Part 1; The Textbook of Military
Medicine, Office of Surgeon General, Borden Institute 1997; p.
425-436.
70 Atomic Energy Commission Secret Memo by Kirkpatrick, E. E. Col. A
January 8, 1947, This was a draft memo from
Colonel Kirkpatrick, Acting Manager, Field Operations of AEC, to the
AEC Berkeley Area Engineer, puts the AEC
stamp on termination of human testing, while simultaneously
revealing it was going on under the Manhattan Project-at
the request of Oppenhiemer:
“Until the Atomic Energy Commission is
able to consider sponsoring this type of
experimentation, authorization cannot be given for the use of
radioactive materials in human subjects under this
contract.”
A more current report from the National Security Archives
that clearly lays out the timeline and the assault by
researchers on “subjects” can be found at
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/radiation/dir/mstreet/commeet/meet12/brief12/tab_f/br12f1d.txt ----“
Personal Statement
from Elizabeth Zitrin, Attorney at Law Public Member of the Ad Hoc
Committee on Radiation Experiments”. For
information on biological warfare experiments a good starting place
is : Biological Warfare: A Historical Perspective, by
LTC George W. Christopher, USAF, MC; LTC Theodore J. Cieslak, MC,
USA, MAJ Julie A. Pavlin, MC, USA, and
LTC (P) Edward M. Eitzen Jr., MC, USA.—Operational Medicine
Division, United States Army Medical Research
Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, as posted
at
http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/cbw/bw.htm
Back to Contents
THE SCIENTISTS
Dr. Ewen Cameron
71
Once the details of MKULTRA came to light, the focus in the media
and in the Senate, was on the use of drugs, especially LSD. While
the researchers within the project did indeed concentrate on
developing a variety of hallucinogenic concoctions, they did so with
an end in mind. The goal was to devise means and methods of enabling
undercover operatives, soldiers, contractors or anyone who was
involved in secret projects, to be able to keep those secrets if
they were captured or interrogated. Hypnosis, combined with drugs,
sensory deprivation and systematic abuse were seen as a means to
that end. The leader in this pharmaceutical and psychological
research was Dr. Ewen Cameron.
Cameron was at the time, one of the most esteemed psychiatrists in
the world. As president of the
American Psychiatric Association, Canadian Psychiatric Association,
and one of the founders of the
World Psychiatric Association, Dr. Cameron began experimenting on
brainwashing techniques as
early as the 1930s with schizophrenic patients. At this time
lobotomies were not yet in common use,
though the procedure would begin to be implemented in 1936 on a wide
scale. Electroshock therapy
was some years from being accepted as a primary means of changing
behavior.72
71 This section about
Dr. Cameron is based on Orlikow Vs. United States, CIA Settlement of
Some Complaints. Ewen
Cameron and the Allan Memorial Institute - Subproject 68 funded by
CIA from March 18, 1957 to June 30, 1960
Without conceding liability, in 1988 the CIA agreed to pay $750,000
to settle a case brought on behalf of nine plaintiffs
who were subjected to federally funded mind control experiments
sponsored by the CIA and conducted by prominent psychiatrist Ewen
Cameron, M.D. The experiments included heavy does of LSD,
electroshock and psychic driving.
72 See “CIA Brainwashing
Experiments”, MacLean’s; January 28, 1985, Vol. 98 Issue 6, p46,
1/3p and “A cold-war horror show’s last act”, US News & World
Report; October 17, 88, Vol. 105 Issue 15, p13, 1/3p.
Cameron relied on torturous and highly stressful techniques for
breaking down the personality of his patients. Schizophrenics would
be stripped down naked beneath red lights for eight hours a day,
sometimes for up to eight months with repeated messages inundating
their senses. In other experiments Cameron would attempt to induce
the delirium associated with a high fever by cooking his patients in
an electric cage until their body temperature reached 102 degrees.
From January of 1957 until September of 1960 Cameron became one of
the promising researchers
the CIA turned to in order to develop means and methods of
“brainwashing” and programming human beings to do the will of the agency. Cameron received
$64,242.44 73 from the CIA. to develop a combination of techniques
that would destroy an individual’s memory of an event and enable the
programmer to control their behavior through post-hypnotic commands.
Cameron used a variety of drug combinations coupled with prolonged
sleep deprivation, isolation, hypnosis, and electro convulsive
therapy in order to “wipe” an individual’s memory. His techniques
worked, to a certain extent, but ethical considerations led the CIA
to cut Cameron’s funding in the US, prompting Cameron to move to
Canada to continue his work with funding channeled through the
Canadian Government.
He continued his work, officially, from 1961 until 1964 in Montreal
where he received an additional
$57,750.74 During this time Cameron combined his techniques (in a
“therapy” he called de-patterning) with electroconvulsive therapy in which the voltage
introduced into one subjects brain,
Linda Macdonald, exceeded the APA’s guidelines by 76.5 times.
He
succeeded in wiping her
memory and to this day, she cannot remember anything prior to 1963.
In a January 17, 1984
broadcast of the Canadian Broadcasting System, a program called “The
Fifth Estate” detailed the
experiments of Cameron, prompting a burst of investigative
journalism culminating in a class-action
suit brought against the CIA by former subjects. In 1988, the case
was settled out of court for
$750,000, divided between 8 plaintiffs. Linda Macdonald received
$100,000 and legal fees from the
Canadian government, but Cameron himself, faced no punishment.75
Dr. Jose Delgado
Whereas Cameron focused on creating traumatized individuals through
intense psychological pressure, Dr. Jose Delgado was investigating
the direct route to control of “human subjects.”
Delgado physically invaded the brains of subjects with electrodes in
order to create emotions and
control actions with the push of a button. As he stated himself,
“We need a program of psychosurgery for political control of our
society. The
purpose is physical control of the mind. Everyone who deviates from
the given norm
can be surgically mutilated. The individual may think that the most
important reality
is his own existence, but this is only his personal point of view.
This lacks historical
perspective. Man does not have the right to develop his own mind.
This kind of
liberal orientation has great appeal. We must electrically control
the brain. Some day
armies and generals will be controlled by electric stimulation of
the brain.” 76
In his paper “Intracerebral Radio Stimulation and Recording in
Completely Free Patients,” Delgado observed that:
“Radio Stimulation on different points in the amygdala
and hippocampus in the four patients produced a variety of
effect, including pleasant sensations, elation, deep thoughtful
concentration, odd feelings, super relaxation (an essential
precursor for deep hypnosis) colored visions, and other
responses.” 77
73 CIA MORI ID 17468:
www.wanttoknow.info/mindcontrol
74 Collins, Anne. In the Sleep Room. The Story of CIA Brainwashing
in Canada. Ken Porter Books, 1988
75 Tyner, Arlene. Mind-Control Part 1: Canadian and US Survivors
Seek Justice, PROBE Magazine, March-April, 2000
76 Dr. Jose M.R. Delgado Director of Neuropsychiatry, Yale
University Medical School. Congressional Record, No. 26, Vol. 118
February 24, 1974.
Delgado, to his credit, did make great strides toward a better
understanding the physiology of brain structures and their attendant
behavioral and emotional correlates, strides that did not go
unnoticed by the intelligence community and the military.
While Delgado worked in an area of specific interest, the direct
stimulation of brain structures through implanted electronics, other
researchers explored means of creating multiple personalities and
programming the alternate personalities that emerged to do a variety
of intelligence related work as operatives, still others explored
the effects of various drug combinations and other “programming” and
interrogation techniques aimed at creating super spies and breaking
down enemy agents.
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