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RebeccaStrong
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The Monopoly on Your Mind. Consolidation Craze and
Illusion of
Choice...
nearly 90% of people rated their trust in mainstream media as either "very low" or "low." And is it any surprise? Ever-mounting media consolidation has narrowed the perspectives the public is privy to, ownership and funding of these corporations are riddled with conflicts of interest, crucial stories keep suspiciously getting buried, and big tech companies are outright censoring and demonetizing independent outlets trying to break through the noise. The media is supposed to function as a power check - and a means of arming us with vital information for shaping the society we want to live in. It's never been a more important industry. And it's never been more at risk. In this series, I'll tackle each factor threatening the media's ability to serve our democracy - with input from journalists, media critics and professors, and other experts.
"We can have democracy in this country, or we can have great wealth concentrated in the hands of a few, but we can't have both." Supreme Court Justice
On a crisp November day in 2014, as I hustled through Boston's Downtown Crossing at rush hour, I got a call that would change the course of my career:
When I look back on that moment and recall the dizzying rush of excitement that set in, I see an idealistic young woman who has yet to understand the way the media machine really works.
Not too long before I was hired, BostInno had been acquired by American City Business Journals, the largest publisher of metropolitan business newsweeklies in the U.S.
In my early conversations with colleagues, it was apparent they were still adjusting to post-acquisition life.
Sure, there were perks that came with being acquired - but the pressure to hit lofty traffic goals meant writers now had to prioritize certain clickbaity stories over others.
Moreover, I distinctly remember a fixation on quantity.
Writers were expected to churn out at least three or four stories a day in an effort to reach as wide an audience as possible, which frustratingly, meant we often didn't have time to cover complex topics in the depth required.
Our experience, as it turns out, is not exactly a unique one.
If you examine the history of countless media mergers and acquisitions over the last several decades, you'll come to an unsettling discovery: local, independent outlets are dying out in droves.
The result?
It may go without saying, but the media plays an almost nauseatingly prominent role in our everyday lives, especially here in the United States.
In fact, Americans spend an average of 12 and a half hours per day consuming news via the television, Internet, newspapers, magazines, and radio. The media molds our society in a myriad of ways. It tells us which world events deserve our attention.
It has the power to affect what we buy. In shaping our opinions on everything from immigration, healthcare, education, and the environment to individual political candidates, it can also have significant sway when it comes to elections.
Studies have shown that media coverage sometimes has a strong impact on criminal court decisions, particularly for violent crimes.
And by influencing consumers and investors, our current 24-hour real-time news cycle can impact our economic climate, driving the market values of certain industries and companies (this is known as "the CNN effect").
But have you ever noticed that so much of what you're reading, seeing, and hearing has started to sound - well, exactly the same? You're not imagining things. There's even a name for this phenomenon: "the illusion of choice."
We're presented with what feels like an endless array of options for where to get our news. But in reality, the information from most of those sources trickles down from the same few conglomerates.
Year after year, economic power has become increasingly concentrated across numerous industries - including tech, healthcare, banking, airlines, and pharmaceuticals. In fact, mergers reached a record high of $5.8 trillion in 2021.
If you ever took Economics 101, you're probably well aware that monopolies are great for the providers and bad for consumers - by eliminating competition, they give corporations in control no incentive to improve, innovate, or otherwise meet our needs, desires, and expectations.
So, how did we get here?
During the 1940s, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) adopted a number of rules to limit ownership of multiple local radio stations and television stations, as well as multiple national broadcast networks.
Then in the '70s, the FCC banned one company from owning both a newspaper and TV or radio station in the same market.
But during the '80s, major deregulatory moves made by Congress and the FCC under then-president Ronald Reagan's administration increased the number of TV stations any single entity could own, triggering a wave of media mergers.
The real kiss of death to local news happened in 1996 when President Bill Clinton signed the Telecommunications Act, which allowed large corporations already dominating the media market to further expand their control via acquisitions and mergers.
Only 3% of Congress voted against this bill, including then House of Representatives member Bernie Sanders.
In the years following, more and more small outlets and stations either got gobbled up by the big guys or outright failed because they simply couldn't compete with them.
Then, in 2017, the FCC reversed a regulation that opened the floodgates on consolidation even further.
That regulation had prevented one company from owning multiple television stations in markets that didn't have at least eight independent stations, and prevented one company from owning both a newspaper and broadcast station or TV and radio station in the same market.
Finally, in 2021, the Supreme Court overturned an appeals ruling asking the FCC to study the potential impact on female and minority ownership in the media industry before loosening restrictions on ownership.
At the time, Justice Brett Kavanaugh - who wrote the ruling - claimed that not only was there zero evidence that relaxing these rules would cause any harm, but that consolidation could benefit consumers.
As for the consequences of all this deregulation - whereas 50 companies dominated the media landscape in 1983, that dwindled to nine companies by the 1990s.
It got worse from there.
The issue extends to print media and radio giants, too:
As the pool controlling the media keeps shrinking, so does the breadth of the information reported.
Hence why today's thousands of news outlets often churn out embarrassingly duplicative content.
One glaring issue with these sweeping regulatory changes is that they passed with little publicity, meaning citizens had little to no opportunity to push back.
In fact, a 2003 Pew Research study found that a whopping 72% of Americans heard absolutely nothing at all about changing rules for media ownership.
But when asked how they felt about relaxing the rules for how many media outlets corporations can own, far more Americans said they thought it would have a negative impact than a positive one.
According to Jeff Cohen, founder of Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) and RootsAction and author of "Cable News Confidential: My Misadventures in Corporate Media," the Telecommunications Act progressed largely under the radar.
In fact, when a consumer group tried to buy ad space on CNN to criticize the Telecommunications Bill, Cohen says CNN wouldn't sell them the time.
It's not all that surprising when you consider how powerful Big Media lobbyists are: An OpenSecrets report shows that NCTA – The Internet & Television Association (which represents more than 90% of the U.S. cable market) spent more than $14 million trying to influence government policy in 2021, while Comcast shelled out $13.38 million, putting them both in the top 15 spenders for lobbying.
Not only were Americans kept mostly in the dark about these regulatory moves, but information about their implications may have been intentionally hidden.
In 2006, former FCC attorney Adam Candeub claimed the FCC allegedly buried a federal study proving more concentration of media ownership would hurt local news coverage. Senior managers ordered staff to destroy "every last piece" of the report, according to Candeub.
Still, other research has since revealed the same worrisome findings:
Nowadays, there are entire cities and towns across the country with no local coverage.
According to a 2018 study, more than 2,000 U.S. counties (63.6%) have no daily newspaper, while 1,449 counties (46%) only have one. Meanwhile, 171 counties - totaling 3.2 million residents - have zero newspapers whatsoever.
These areas are known as "news deserts," and studies have shown they have fewer candidates running for mayor, lower voter turnout, and more government corruption.
When citizens are left with a colossal information gap, they're forced to turn to social media to get their news.
One of the media giants responsible for this trend is Sinclair Broadcast Group, which now owns or operates 185 television stations across 620 channels in 86 U.S. markets.
In the above compilation video, the anchors parroting the same exact script about the dangers of "fake news" all worked for Sinclair-owned stations.
While expressing concerns about the negative effects of media consolidation in a 2017 interview with Democracy Now!, former FCC Commissioner Michael Copps called Sinclair the "most dangerous company out there that people have never heard of" due not only to the scope of its control but also its well-known ideological agenda.
In his book "The New Media Monopoly," the late author Ben Bagdikian asserts that today's big six have amassed more communications power than was ever wielded by any dictatorship in history.
Worse yet, he notes that close-knit hierarchies like these find ways to "cooperate" to keep expanding their power.
Christopher Terry, an assistant professor of media law at the University of Minnesota, started his career in the radio industry as a producer for Hearst and ClearChannel in the mid-'90s - during the height of this consolidation frenzy.
Terry had been working for a conservative talk station in Milwaukee when it was acquired by ClearChannel, triggering drastic staff cuts.
Experts like Terry and Cohen will tell you there are numerous reasons why media consolidation is bad for our democracy. In the documentary "Is The Press Really Free?" sociology professor and former Project Censored director Dr. Peter Phillips points out that as a direct result of the staff cuts caused by consolidation, reporters often become increasingly dependent on PR people for stories.
He calls this a form of structural censorship - when a large portion of the news has been pre-written by a PR professional who works for a public or private bureaucracy, that means the stories are spun to meet the needs of corporations or the government in advance.
Nolan Higdon, a media studies and history lecturer and author of "The Anatomy of Fake News," also notes that this concentration of power has meant fewer checks and balances - without the pressure that comes with competition, conglomerates aren't likely to be challenged for their questionable practices.
But this consolidation of power extends beyond just monopolies and mergers galore - compounding the issue are shared board members.
All media corporations have a board of directors, which is responsible for making decisions that support the interests of stakeholders. When someone sits on the board at multiple companies, that creates an "interlock."
Scroll through The New York Times board of directors, for example, and you'll find a certain member is also on the board for McDonald's and Nike and is chairman of Ariel Investments.
Up until last year, a Disney chairwoman happened to be on the board for private equity giant The Carlyle Group.
More specifically, a 2012 list compiled by FAIR revealed the following interlocks:
(And those are just a few examples of the more than 300 crossovers FAIR discovered.)
Some say it would be naive not to suspect that interlocking directorates don't cause a major conflict of interest - allowing news content to potentially be shaped by profit-driven motives.
As former Walt Disney chief executive Michael Eisner put it in an infamous leaked internal memo:
Higdon noted that it can be especially problematic when media board members also happen to sit on the boards of defense companies - because such an interlock can lead to an increasing push for pro-war narratives.
(As of 2011, before U.S. troops withdrew from Iraq, Raytheon interlocked with The New York Times, and Lockheed Martin interlocked with The Washington Post).
The Intercept's recent video of a White House Press briefing on the Ukraine-Russia conflict illustrates this perfectly. In the video, members of the media are shown repeatedly asking questions framed around why President Biden isn't providing Ukraine with more military support.
If you know what questions they're asking, you can pretty much guess what angle their story will be taking. And in this case, every journalist is laser-focused on what needs to happen to escalate this into U.S. war involvement with Russia.
The Intercept's Ryan Grim is quite literally the only member of the media asking what the U.S. is doing to encourage negotiations for peace.
What makes all this particularly troublesome is the lack of transparency.
The Society of Professional Journalists, along with most respectable media organizations, has a code of ethics.
That includes avoiding conflicts of interest whenever possible and revealing them when they're unavoidable. Sometimes, when a writer initially neglects to do this and they're called out for it, they'll update the article after publication.
For instance, a 2016 Business Insider article singing Jeff Bezos' praises for "revitalizing" The Washington Post now includes an important addition:
(While we're on the subject of transparency - a disclosure: I write for Insider.)
But that particular case seems to be an exception to the rule.
According to Higdon, the outlets at large don't typically disclose conflicts of interest in the way writers are expected to.
In a 2003 Columbia Journalism Review (CJR) report, author Aaron Moore expressed concerns that independent reporting could be undermined when a board member is linked to other businesses that its newsrooms cover.
According to Higdon, most journalists adamantly claim no one tells what to write and what not to write.
But whether they know it or not, he says many may engage in a form of self-censorship: skipping certain stories in order to avoid getting fired.
Here's how this form of self-censorship works.
Say you work for ABC, but you want to pursue an investigative report on the labor practices of Disney - which owns ABC.
While some intervention from media owners is direct, most of it is subtle and subconscious, according to Bagdikian - like when writers learn to conform to their owner's ideologies in order to ensure they aren't overlooked for a raise or a promotion.
Case in point: A 1991 FAIR investigation revealed that General Electric (GE) - which owned NBC from 1986 to 2009 - designed, manufactured, or supplied parts for essentially every major weapon system the U.S. military used during the Gulf War.
In other words, as the authors stated, when NBC brought on correspondents and consultants to praise the performance of U.S. missiles, bombers, and spy satellites, they were applauding products made by the corporation cutting their paychecks.
During the time that GE owned NBC, there was plenty of evidence that the news outlet was underplaying big stories about its parent company - particularly around GE plants dumping hazardous chemicals into the Hudson River, and safety issues in GE-designed nuclear power plants.
In their book "Unreliable Sources: A Guide to Detecting Bias in News Media," Martin Lee and Norton Solomon detailed how GE insisted that an NBC program remove any references to GE in reports on substandard products.
NBC also seemed to shy away from exposing GE's poor environmental record and banned televised commercials urging a boycott of GE products.
NBC also remained mysteriously silent on the bombshell story that GE didn't pay federal taxes in 2010. Apparently, the network thought the addition of "OMG" and "muffin top" to the Oxford English Dictionary was more of a newsworthy priority at the time.
Vermont senator Bernie Sanders has been an early and frequent critic of media consolidation.
Like Sanders, Victor Pickard - a professor of media policy and political economy at the University of Pennsylvania's Annenberg School for Communication and author of "Democracy Without Journalism? - Confronting the Misinformation Society", argues that as a result of this consolidation, we may miss out on pivotal issues because we're only exposed to topics that serve those corporations in control.
Cohen adds that for all the discussion of systemic racism, there's very little exploration or analysis of the actual system in place fueling the exploitation - especially when the finger of blame might point to powerful corporate forces.
The mission of Project Censored, a media watchdog nonprofit founded at Sonoma State University in 1976, is to shed a much-needed spotlight on these underreported issues.
Since 1993, the organization has published an annual book of the top stories that were ignored or misrepresented that year titled "Censored: The News That Didn't Make the News."
The 2021 edition includes the following:
If none of these stories ring a bell, maybe it's time to ask yourself why the corporate media didn't deem them worthy of coverage.
Mainstream outlets will often cite time constraints as an excuse for why they're failing to tackle crucial stories. But is it possible that maybe their silence is by design?
After all, in 2021, they apparently had ample time to report on the murder investigation for a travel blogger, gossip about Melania Trump, and a maskless Rudy Giuliani leaving a New Year's Eve party.
(And don't get me started on the Oscars #SlapGate).
In 2017, Senator Sanders wrote that the more important the issue is to the working class masses, the less interesting it is to corporate media.
But if we aren't leveraging the press to put pressure on the legal system, how can it ever fulfill its potential for driving positive change?
That's the question Mickey Huff - director of Project Censored, president of the Media Freedom Foundation, and co-author of "United States of Distraction: Media Manipulation in Post-Truth America (and what we can do about it)" - asked me toward the end of our interview.
Reversing the aggressive media consolidation would require undoing decades of legislation that loosened restrictions on ownership. That probably won't happen in the immediate future.
So, as journalist and media commentator Jim Fallows wrote in 2005:
As with any problem, recognizing that it exists is the first step to handling it. And all hope is not lost, because remember:
Across the board, experts recommend deliberately seeking out independent, nonprofit news channels.
Just a few of these organizations that don't accept corporate backing or funding from advertising include:
As Jim Morrison once said,
Taking that into consideration, it's high time to ask yourself:
And given that any profit-making company's ultimate goal is to make money,
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