by Nanotechnology Spotlight Guest Authors
September 22, 2021

from NanoWerk Website

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


What is driving the emergence of Smart Cities?


By 2050, cities will be home to almost 70% of the world's population. Compared with today, this will add another 2.5 billion people to urban areas.

 

According to the UN, today the most urbanized regions include,

  • Northern America (with 82% of its population living in urban areas in 2018)

  • Latin America and the Caribbean (81%)

  • Europe (74%)

  • Oceania (68%)

  • The level of urbanization in Asia is now approximating 50%

By 2030, the world is projected to have 43 megacities with more than 10 million inhabitants, most of them in developing regions.


As the world continues to urbanize, sustainable development depends increasingly on the successful management of urban growth, especially in low-income and lower-middle-income countries where the pace of urbanization is projected to be the fastest.

 

Many countries will face challenges in meeting the needs of their growing urban populations, including for housing, transportation, energy systems and other infrastructure, as well as for employment and basic services such as education and health care.


The world's cities occupy just 3 per cent of the Earth's land, but account for 60-80% of energy consumption and 75% of carbon emissions.

 

These growing urban centers face increasing environmental pressures and infrastructure needs - and growing demands from residents to deliver a better quality of life and to do so at a sustainable cost.


A smart city is an infrastructure framework that addresses the growing urbanization challenges by embracing integrated and automated information and communication technologies to help optimize all city operations, help achieve sustainability goals and better quality of life for its citizens.


Simply put:

Smart cities don't just install digital interfaces in traditional infrastructure or streamline some city operations.

 

Instead, they use big data analytics and technology to make better decisions.

 

There is another determining factor: good management.

 

Technology is only as effective as the entity that puts it to work.

 

That means Smart Cities need smart government.

Only by combining smart technologies with smart governance can you achieve a more efficient, responsive and sustainable city that delivers a better quality of life for its residents.
 

 

Attendees at an urban knowledge-sharing event

generated this word cloud when asked to describe

a "smart city" in one word.

(Source: World Bank Blogs)

 

 

 


What makes a city smart?


Smart cities rely on a range of core technologies that include the internet of things (IoT), smartphones, a plethora of sensors and high-speed communication networks.


Utilizing environmental sensors, satellite data like GPS, utility meters, counters, cameras, and other connected devices has given cities more expansive data at an unprecedented scale.


That's why layered on top of the IoT network are applications that translate this vast amount of data - that is continuously collected - into alerts, insight and actions.


A critical component for a smart city to work is public usage. Many applications succeed only if they are widely adopted and manage to change behaviors.


Another important characteristic is that city functions like health services, transportation or emergency services no longer operate within their own segregated silos but are all interconnected.


Take this example:

In a smart city, traffic cameras capture traffic accidents in real time.

 

AI systems instantly assess possible implications and automatically alert emergency services, transportation officials, and car navigation systems in the vicinity with location coordinates and other relevant information about the situation.

 

This fast response could help save lives and reduce traffic congestion.

 

At the same time, this information is fed into other AI systems that continuously process traffic data to understand changing patterns or emerging problem areas.

They might even be able to predict accidents.

 

They use this to propose improvements to city planners on how to re-engineer road layouts and traffic signs, traffic routing, traffic signal timing sequences, issue public alerts or take other pre-emptive actions.


The core infrastructure elements in a Smart City include all basic city operations:

  • water and electricity supply (smart grids)

  • sanitation including solid-waste management and recycling

  • efficient urban mobility (smart roads) and public transport

  • affordable housing

  • robust and fast Internet

  • digitalization of services (e-Governance) and citizen participation

  • sustainable environment

  • safety and security of citizens

  • health and education services

 

Components of a smart city.

(Source: TechTarget)

 


A smart city infrastructure helps its community to improve things like energy distribution, streamline trash collection, decrease traffic congestion, and improve air quality.

 

For example:

Sensors embedded in roads, streetlights, traffic lights, and cars continuously send data that allows monitoring systems to change traffic light cadence and timing to respond to real-time traffic, reducing road congestion.


These sensor networks also accurately monitor environmental conditions like air quality, water runoff, fires, or even wildlife count.


Sensors will also allow structural health monitoring of infrastructure such as building, roads, dams and bridges.


Connected cars can communicate with parking meters and electric vehicle charging docks and direct drivers to the nearest available spot.


Smart garbage cans automatically send data to waste management companies and schedule pick-up as needed versus a pre-planned schedule.


A smart utility grid empowers end users to be more aware of their energy uses and allow utility companies to deliver only as much energy, water or gas as is needed.


Smart buildings utilize monitoring services that track usage to optimize electricity demands.

 

Citizens' smartphone becomes their mobile driver's license and ID card with digital credentials, which speeds and simplifies access to city and local government services.

 

 


Technology components of a Smart City


Before a city can become smart, it has to be connected.

 

The required digital infrastructure includes a network of data-collecting sensors and devices, comprehensive broadband and wireless networks, and platforms on which data can be stored and shared.

 

Because many applications require that individuals transmit and receive data anywhere, smartphones are a critical component...
 

IoT


With the rapid build-out of the Internet of Things (IoT), billions of "dumb" inanimate objects have become "smart" - that is, they have been outfitted with sensors and actuators and connected to the Internet.

 

The IoT is now at work all around us.

RFID tags in packages track cargo shipments, GPS systems guide drivers to their destinations, streetlights dim when there is no car nearby, and smart thermostats turn off heat and air conditioning when rooms are unoccupied.

Adoption has accelerated as the costs of IoT sensors, processing power, and cloud storage have steadily fallen.
 

 

Communications networks


Whereas IoT devices are the eyes and ears of a smart city, ubiquitous, stable and fast communication are its backbone. Ideally, free Wi-Fi will benefit tourists and residents without access to affordable mobile data.


Citizens can engage with smart city ecosystems in various ways using smartphones and other mobile devices, connected cars and homes.
 

 

Open data platforms


Smart technologies run on data - and cities, with their immense scale and complexity, generate endless streams of it.

 

Data is generated by traffic flow, public transit systems, energy demand, crime incidents, waste disposal, noise, weather patterns, outbreaks of infectious disease, and countless other aspects of daily city life.


These huge amounts of data only become useful when applications turn them into useful and actionable information. Open data platforms do exactly that.

 

They come in multiple forms, from centralized open data portals to specialized real-time travel information platforms. They allow for safe storage and adequate access to the different data sources that power a smart city, and they can provide the raw material for ongoing innovation.


The early days of smart city development has led to a misconception that smart cities are simply local government agencies purchasing software to operate subway and security systems more efficiently.

 

But the reality has evolved into something broader and more collaborative.

 

City governments do not have to provide every type of application and service themselves. There is room for private-sector companies, state-owned utilities, universities, foundations, and nonprofits to contribute.

 

The ecosystem has become more intricate over time, with the degree and mix of private-sector participation varying from city to city.

 

Technology is reconfiguring traditional roles and divisions of labor - and in a smart city, people and private companies actively participate.


This shift is particularly evident in new types of mobility systems.

  • E-hailing services like Lyft and Uber

  • car sharing services like Miles and ShareNow

  • on-demand minibus services like Chariot

  • numerous bike and scooter sharing services that have sprung up all across large cities

 

Artificial Intelligence


Converting data sets into standardized, sharable formats and making them available on easy-to-use public portals gives external developers the raw material for making applications - and in particular, provides crucial input to AI systems, enabling them to perform more sophisticated functions.


With artificial intelligence (AI), computers can analyze and learn from information at higher accuracy and speed than humans can, leading to faster and more accurate conclusions and decisions.
 

 

Blockchain


Cities have a variety of stakeholders and the exchange of data among stakeholders is essential for highly convenient urban services.

 

Blockchain enables network participants to exchange data with a high degree of reliability and transparency without the need for a centralized administrator.


Blockchain technology will find a role in several Smart City applications such as for instance mobility as a service (MaaS).

 

MaaS seamlessly connects multiple transportation systems to provide highly convenient mobility services.

 

In the realization of MaaS, there is an effort to use blockchain for data exchange and revenue sharing among multiple transportation operators, and transportation may take place across cities.

 

At the business model layer, it is necessary to solve the issues of data standardization - for example, for people movement information and that collected from Internet of Things (Iota) devices - and those of commercial models, such as how to distribute revenue among transportation operators.


A similar model could be applied to other sectors like energy.

 

For example, Smart Dubai, is developing use cases for blockchain across multiple sectors such as finance, education and transportation.

 

One of the projects is to facilitate enrollment procedures for students moving between emirates using blockchain.
 

 

APIs


Application programming interfaces (APIs) are a vital component of smart city development.

 

APIs allow users to connect directly to the data they need without repeatedly searching through the huge volume that is produced.

 

APIs can also help connect data and devices together to create a unique, shared information system that smart city services can be built on.

 

 


What are the benefits of smart cities?


Cities are using the data gained from their IoT networks to measure environmental conditions, set goals, and manage interventions that result in improvements for residents.

They are tracking their fleets to optimize operations and implement preventive maintenance.

 

They are monitoring the use of energy and water to increase efficiency.

 

They are analyzing the flow of people to better plan public space.

Research by the McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) has shown that Smart City applications can improve some key quality-of-life indicators by 10 to 30 percent from the time they are introduced:
 

 

Potential improvement through

current generation of smart city applications,

from time of implementation.

(Source: McKinsey Global Institute analysis)

 


As the MGI report explains,

"The wide range of outcomes reflects the fact that applications perform differently from city to city, depending on factors such as legacy infrastructure systems and on baseline starting points.

 

Nearly half of the applications affect more than one aspect of the quality of life. Intelligent traffic signals, for instance, not only improve mobility but also lower emissions and make roads safer."

 

 


Are Smart Cities Secure?


As with all online systems, there is a risk of,

  • cyber-attacks

  • hacking

  • data theft

At the moment technology is outpacing legal regulations, but legislation is already being put in place in different nations, such as the IoT Cybersecurity Improvement Act in the United States to help determine and establish minimum security requirements for connected devices in smart cities.

 

 

 


Leading Smart Cities of the World


In 2019, IMD Business School in Switzerland has started to publish a global ranking of smart cities.

 

In its second edition, the IMD Smart City Index 2020 ranked 109 cities with Singapore as the leading smart city in the world. (Download the 2020 Smart City Index as PDF)

 

Singapore


In 2014, the nation state of Singapore created a Smart Nation initiative, overseen by a Smart Nation and Digital Government Office, with the goal to drive pervasive adoption of digital and smart technologies throughout Singapore.
 

 

New York City


NYC has been steadily increasing IoT technologies across the city with a number of applications. You can download a PDF of the New York City Internet of Things Strategy.

 

 

Among the City's largest-scale IoT projects is the Department of Environmental Protection's (DEP) integration of wirelessly connected water meters for buildings.

 

These meters allow DEP to monitor water usage in over 800 000 buildings across the city, eliminating the need to send physical inspectors to read meters.


Another large-scale example is the Department of Citywide Administrative Services (DCAS)'s implementation of the nation's largest tracking program for public vehicles.

 


 Dubai


Since its inception in 2015, the Smart Dubai Office has launched over 130 initiatives in partnership with government and private sector entities.

 

Some key initiatives include,

  • the Dubai Data Initiative

  • the Dubai Blockchain Strategy

  • the Happiness Agenda

  • the Dubai AI Roadmap

  • the Dubai Paperless Strategy


And then there are cities that are planned and built from scratch like New Songdo City in South Korea that was designed and created to be a smart city with IoT technology:

computers are built into the buildings and streets, while sensors gather information on things like traffic flow and energy use.

Another smart city planned from scratch is Neom in Saudi Arabia, which plans to complete its first section by 2025.
 

 

New Songdo City